International Journal of Accounting and Financial Essay Example for Free

International Journal of Accounting and Financial Es regularizeABSTRACTThe power of Indian mete outd line pains as significant financial service in financial foodstuff has really been noteworthy. In f typify, the coarse strain indus look for has emerged as an important segment of financial market of India, especially in channelizing the savings of millions of individuals into the investing in equity and debt instruments. plebeian notes ar seemingly the easiest and the least stressful way to invest in the stock market. Quiet a large amount of cash has been invested in unwashed strains during the past few years. Any investor would like to invest in a reputed rough-cut stock certificate organization. interchangeable livestocks be financial intermediaries concerned with mobilizing savings of those who shake surplus and the canalization of these savings in those avenues where there is a demand for notes.These intermediaries employ their resources in such a mann er as to put forward combined benefits of low happen, steady return, high liquidity and capital appreciation through diversification and expert watchfulness. Reforms in theIndian economic system and the hypothesis up of the economy see been the efforts for the tremendous growth in the Indian capital market. This register analyzes the impact of different demographic variables on the attitude of investors towards coarse monetary livestocks. Apart from this, it as well as focuses on the benefits delivered by usual memorys to investors. To this end, 200 respondents of Solapur City, having different demographic profiles were stick withed. The psychoanalyze reveals that the majority of investors have still not create any attitude towards usual memory investments.KEYWORDS shared pedigree, Investors, Solapur CityINTRODUCTIONMutual fund is a pool of capital stash away from investors and is invested according to reliable investment options. A mutual fund is a trust that pools the saving of a no. of investors who sh ar a common financial goal. A mutual fund is created when investors put their money to tuckerher. It is, therefore, a pool of investors fund. The money indeed collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and former(a) securities. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciations realized are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the no. of units owned by them. The most(prenominal) important characteristics of a fund are that the contributors and the beneficiaries of the fund are the similar class of slew namely the investors.The term mutual fund means the investors fall in to the pool and oerly benefit from the pool. The pool of funds held mutually by investors is the mutual fund. A mutual fund business is to invest the funds thus collected according to the wishes of the investors who created the pool. Usually the investors appoint professional investment managers create a product and offer it for investment to the investors. This project represents a share in the pool and pre status investmentPritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargiobjectives. Thus, a mutual fund is the most suitable investment for a common man as it offers an probability to invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at relatively low cost.EVOLUTION OF INDIAN joint FUND INDUSTRYThe formation of whole Trust of India marked the evolution of the Indian mutual fund industry in the year 1963. The unproblematic objective at that time was to attract the elflike investors and it was do possible through the collective efforts of the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India. The history of mutual fund industry in India can be fail understood divided into equaling phasesEstablishment and yield of Unit Trust of India 1964-87Unit Trust of India enjoyed complete monopoly when it was established in the year 1963 by an act of Parliament. UTI was sterilise up by the Reserve Bank of India and it continued to operate under the regulatory hold up of the RBI until the two were de-linked in 1978 and the holy control was transferred in the hands of Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI). UTI launched its first scheme in 1964, named as Unit Scheme 1964 (US-64), which attracted the largest number of investors in any single(a) investment scheme over the years.UTI launched more innovative schemes in 1970s and 80s to suit the needs of different investors. It launched ULIP in 1971, six more schemes between 1981-84, Childrens induct Growth investment firm and India Fund (Indias first offshore fund) in 1986, Mastershare (Inidas first equity diversified scheme) in 1987 and Monthly Income Schemes (offering assured returns) during 1990s. By the end of 1987, UTIs assets under management grew ten times to Rs 6700 crores. Entry of Public Sector currency 1987-1993The Indian mutual fund industry witnessed a number of public empyrea n players entering the market in the year 1987. In November 1987, SBI Mutual Fund from the State Bank of India became the first non-UTI mutual fund in India. SBI Mutual Fund was later followed by Canbank Mutual Fund, LIC Mutual Fund, Indian Bank Mutual Fund, Bank of India Mutual Fund, GIC Mutual Fund and PNBMutual Fund. By 1993, the assets under management of the industry increased seven times to Rs. 47,004 crores. How ever, UTI remained to be the leader with roughly 80% market share. 1992-93UTIPublic SectorTotalAmountMobilised11,0571,96413,021Assets Under perplexity38,2478,75747,004Mobilisation as % ofGross Domestic Savings5.20%0.90%6.10%Emergence of Private Secor Funds 1993-96The permission given to private sector funds including foreign fund management companies (most of them entering through joint ventures with Indian promoters) to enter the mutal fund industry in 1993, provided a wide range of choice to investors and more disceptation in the industry. Private funds introduce d innovative products, investment techniques and investor-servicing technology. By 1994-95, about 11 private sector funds had launched their schemes. Growth and SEBI Regulation 1996-2004The mutual fund industry witnessed robust growth and stricter regulation from the SEBI after the year 1996. The mobilization of funds and the number of players operating in the industry reached fresh heights as investors started showing more interest in mutual funds.A lead of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special eccentric to Inversotrs in Solapur CityInvestors interests were safeguarded by SEBI and the Government offered valuate benefits to the investors in order to encourage them. SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996 was introduced by SEBI that set uniform standards for all mutual funds in India.The Union Budget in 1999 exempted all dividend incomes in the hands of investors from income tax. Various Investor Awareness Programmes were launched during this phase, both by SEBI and A MFI, with an objective to educate investors and obligate them informed about the mutual fund industry. Growth and Consolidation 2004 OnwardsThe industry has also witnessed several mergers and acquisitions recently, examples of which are acquisition of schemes of Alliance Mutual Fund by Birla Sun Life, Sun FC Mutual Fund and PNB Mutual Fund by Principal Mutual Fund. Simultaneously, more international mutual fund players have entered India like Fidelity, Franklin Templeton Mutual Fund etc. in that location were 29 funds as at the end of March 2006.This is a continuing phase of growth of the industry through consolidation and entry of new international and private sector players. Indian mutual fund industry reached Rs 1,50,537 crore by March 2004. It is estimated that by 2010 March-end, the total assets of all scheduled commercial banks should be Rs 40,90,000 crore. The yearly composite rate of growth is expected 13.4% during the rest of the decade. In the last 5 years there is an a nnual growth rate of 9%. According to the ongoing growth rate, by year 2010, Mutual fundIndia assets will be doubleFEATURES THOSE INVESTORS LIKE IN MUTUAL FUNDIf mutual funds are emerging as the favorite investment vehicle it is because of the legion(predicate) advantages. They have over other forms and avenues of commit parties for the investors who has limited resources available in terms of Capital and ability to carry out detailed reserves and market monitoring. These are the major advantages offered by mutual fund to all investors passkey ManagementMutual Funds provide the services of experienced and skilled professionals, backed by a dedicated investment research team that analyses the doing and prospects of companies and selects suitable investments to achieve the objectives of the scheme.DiversificationMutual Funds invest in a number of companies across a broad cross-section of industries and sectors. This diversification reduces the risk because seldom do all stocks dec line at the same time and in the same proportion. You achieve this diversification through a Mutual Fund with far less money than you can do on your own. Convenient AdministrationInvesting in a Mutual Fund reduces paperwork and helps you avoid many problems such as bad deliveries, delayed payments and follow up with brokers and companies. Mutual Funds save your time and make investing easy and convenient.Return authorisationOver a medium to pine-term, Mutual Funds have the potential to provide a higher return as they invest in a diversified basket of selected securities.Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. MindargiLow CostsMutual Funds are a relatively less expensive way to invest compared to directly investing in the capital markets because the benefits of scale in brokerage, custodial and other fees translate into lower costs for investors LiquidityIn open-end schemes, the investor gets the money back promptly at net asset value related prices from the Mutual Fund. In closed-end sche mes, the units can be sold on a stock exchange at the normal market price or the investor can avail of the facility of direct repurchase at NAV related prices by the Mutual Fund TransparencyYou get regular information on the value of your investment in addition to revealing on the specific investments made by your scheme, the proportion invested in each class of assets and the fund managers investment strategy and outlookFlexibilityThrough features such as regular investment plans, regular withdrawal plans and dividend reinvestment plans, you can consistently invest or withdraw funds according to your needs and convenience AffordabilityInvestors individually may lack sufficient funds to invest in top-quality stocks. A mutual fund because of its large corpus allows even a small investor to take the benefit of its investment strategy. Well RegulatedAll Mutual Funds are registered with SEBI and they function within the provisions of strict regulations designed to protect the interes ts of investors. The operations of Mutual Funds are regularly monitored by SEBI.DISADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDSAbove I have mentioned the discordant advantages of Mutual Funds but it also suffers from a lot of drawbacks as the market is volatile and it is ever touch on by national as well as international factors, these days we can see that crude oil prices in International market has become an important factorin determining the market movement. Here are some disadvantages as cited by me and by surveyFluctuating ReturnsMutual funds are like many other investments without a guaranteed return there is evermore the possibility that the value of your mutual fund will depreciate. dissimilar fixed-income products, such as bonds and Treasury bills, mutual funds experience price fluctuations along with the stocks that make up the fund. When deciding on a particular fund to buy, you need to research the risks involved just because a professional manager is looking after the fund, that doe snt mean the performance will be always goodDiversificationAlthough diversification is one of the keys to successful investing, many mutual fund investors tend to over diversify. The idea of diversification is to reduce the risks associated with holding a single security over diversification (also known as diversification) occurs when investors acquire many funds that are extremely related and, as a result, begettert getA Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur Citythe risk reducing benefits of diversification. At the other extreme, just because you own mutual funds doesnt mean you are automatically diversified. For example, a fund that invests only in a particular industry or region is still relatively risky. For example Sect oral FundsCash and More CashAs you know already, mutual funds pool money from thousands of investors, so everyday investors are putting money into the fund as well as withdrawing investments. To maintai n liquidity and the capacity to contain withdrawals, funds typically have to keep a large portion of their portfolios as cash. Having ample cash is great for liquidity, but moneysitting nigh as cash is not working for you and thus is not very advantageous. CostsMutual funds provide investors with professional management, but it comes at a cost. Funds will typically have a range of different fees that reduce the overall payout. In mutual funds, the fees are classified into two categories shareowner fees and annual operating fees. The shareholder fees, in the forms of loads and redemption fees are paid directly by shareholders purchasing or tradeing the funds. The annual fund operating fees are charged as an annual percentage usually ranging from 1-3%. These fees are assessed to mutual fund investors regardless of the performance of the fund. As you can imagine, in years when the fund doesnt make money, these fees only magnify losses.Figure 1 Structure of Mutual FundA mutual is a set up in the form of trust, which has sponsor, trustee, assets management company (AMC) and custodian. Sponsor is the person who acts alone or in combination with another body corporate and establishes a mutual fund. Sponsor must contribute at least 40% of the net worth of the investment managed and meet the eligibility criteria prescribed under the Securities and Exchange calling card of India (Mutual Funds) regulations, 1996. The sponsor is not responsible or liable for any loss or shortfall resulting from the operation of the schemes beyond the initial contribution made by it towards setting up of Mutual Fund. The Mutual Fund is constituted as a trust in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 by the Sponsor. trustee is usually a company (corporate body) or a board of trustees (body of individuals). The main responsibility of the trustee is to safeguard the interest of the unit holders and also ensure that AMC functions in the interest of investors and in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Fund) Regulations 1996 the provisions of the Trust deed and the offer Document of the respective schemes. The AMC is appointed by the TrusteesPritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargias the investment Manager of the Mutual Fund. The AMC is required to be approved by SEBI to act as an asset management company of the Mutual Fund. The AMC if so authorized by the Trust Deed appoints the Registrar and Transfer Agent to element the mutual fund. The registrar processes the application form, redemption requests and dispatches account statements to the unit holders. The Registrar and Transfer agent also handles communications with investors and updates investor records.REVIEW OF LITERATURELenard et., al. (2003) empirically investigated investors attitudes toward mutual funds. The results indicate that the decision to switch funds within a fund family is affected by investors attitude towards risk, current asset allocation, i nvestment losses, investment mix, capital base of the fund age, initial fund performance, investment mix, fund and portfolio diversification. The get hold of reported that these factors are crucial to be considered before switching funds regardless of whether they invest in non-employer plans or in both employer and non-employer plans. Bollen (2006) studied the kinetics of investor fund flows in a sample of socially screened equity mutual funds and compared the relation between annual fund flows lagged performance in SR funds to the same relation in a matched sample of conventional funds.The result revealed that the extra-financial SR attribute serves to dampen the rate at which SR investors commerce mutual funds. The study noted that the differences between SR funds and their conventional counterparts are robust over time and persist as funds age. The study found that the preferences of SR investors may be represented by conditional multi-attribute utility function (especially when SR funds deliver positive returns). The study remarked that mutual fund companies can expect SR investors to be more loyal than investors in ordinary funds. Walia and Kiran (2009) studied investors risk and return perception towards mutual funds. The study examined investors perception towards risk involved in mutual funds, return from mutual funds in comparison to other financial avenues, transparency and disclosure practices.The study investigatedproblems of investors encountered with due to unprofessional services of mutual funds. The study found that majority of individual investors doesnt consider mutual funds as highly risky investment. In fact on a ranking scale it is considered to be on higher side when compared with other financial avenues. The study also reported that significant relationship of interdependence exists between income level of investors and their perception for investment returns from mutual funds investment. Saini et., al. (2011) analyzed investors beh avior, investors opinion and perception relating to mingled issues like type of mutual fund scheme, its objective, role of financial advisors / brokers, sources of information, deficiencies in the provision of services, investors opinion relating to factors that attract them to invest in mutual and challenges before the Indian mutual fund industry etc.The study found that investors seek for liquidity, simplicity in offer documents, online trading, regular updates through SMS and stringent follow up of provisions laid by AMFI. Singh (2012) conducted an empirical study of Indian investors and notice that most of the respondents do not have much awareness about the various function of mutual funds and they are bit confused regarding investment in mutual funds. The study found that some demographic factors like gender, income and level of education have their significant impact over the attitude towards mutual funds. On the contrary age and occupation have not been found influencing t he investors attitude. The study noticed that return potential and liquidity have been perceived to be most lucrative benefits of investment in mutual funds and the same are followed by flexibility, transparency and affordability.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMMutual funds have their drawbacks and may not be for everyone. No investment is risk free. If the entire stock market declines in value, the value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio.A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur CityInvestors encounter fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds than when they buy and sell stocks on their own. However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of losing money. All funds charge administrative fees to cover their day-to-day expenses. Some funds also charge sales commissions or loads to compensate brokers, financial consultants, or financial planners. When he invests in a mutua l fund, they depend on the funds manager to make the right decisions regarding the funds portfolio. If the invests in Index Funds, they foregoes management risk, because these funds do not employ managers. Though these are the problems in the investment of mutual funds, in the recent days most of the investors preferred to invest their funds on mutual funds. In this background, the research has made an attempt to study the investors preference for mutual funds in Solapur City.LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThe present study is ground upon the results of survey conducted on 200 mutual fund investors. The implications of the study are subject to the limitations of sample size, psychological and emotional characteristics of surveyed population.SCOPE OF THE STUDYThis paper provides Future of Mutual Funds industry information as well as awareness level amongst people for Mutual Funds. Also this project report of Mutual Funds gives an outlook to management as to how the mutual funds are perform ing in the current market situation as a result what may be the future of this industry. This paper on mutual funds is informative the students who lack to understand and undertake assignments in the industry. This study also facilitates the general people who can understand the importance and search the new option for investment in Mutual Funds. Different financial institutions provide services that are both complementary to and competitive with each other. A well built financial system directly contributes to the growth of the country.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis study is descriptive in nature based on survey method. The study aims at finding out the attitude of the investors towards investment in mutual funds in Solapur city. This study was based mainly on primary sources. The primary data was collected from the investors of mutual funds with help of the forefrontnaire. The secondary data were collected from the books, records and journals. By adopting convenience sampling, 200 re spondents were selected for this study. The essential data were collected with the help of questionnaire. The data collected from the period of January 2011 to April 2011.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONFigure 2 Showing Pattern of InvestmentPritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. MindargiFrom above figure it is nett that 75% investors are invested in open ended schemes where as 15% invested in closed ended schemes in mutual fund.Figure 3 terra firma for Investment in Mutual FundFrom above figure it is clear that and 42% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for tax assumption. 33% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for higher returns. 16% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for value creation in fund. 9% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for other reason.Figure 4 Showing the Reason of Investors that not Invested Money in Mutual Fund From above figure is clear that 50% investors say that they not interested to invest money in mutual fund. 33% investors say that they have imperfect knowledge in mutual fund, so they are not invested. 8.5% investors say that they invested in govt. bond. 8.5% investors has other reason so they not invested money in mutual fund.Figure 5 Showing Type of Investment Investors Should be PreferredA Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur CityFrom above figure it is clear that investors invest money in fixed deposits. 15 25% investors invest money in gilded/real estates. 17% investors invest money in mutual fund. 8% investors invest money in bond/debentures. Remaining 17% investors invest money in shares.Figure 6 Showing Returns Investor get from their InvestmentFrom above figure it is clear that 70% investors are gaining 5-15% returns from their investment. 23% are gaining 15-30% returns from their investment. 5% investors are gaining 30-45% returns from their investment. Remaining only 2% investors is gaining above 45% returns from their investment.Figure 7 Showing Duration of InvestmentFrom above it is clear 80% investors are relations in short term duration whereas 20% investors are dealing in long term duration.Figure 8 Showing the Investors Experience in Mutual FundPritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. MindargiFrom above figure it is clear that 73% investors say that they are having bad experience in mutual fund. 12% investors say that they are having good experience in mutual fund. Remaining 15% investors say that their experience is ok.FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONSFindingsThe trend for investment is changing rapidly besides the traditional phase of investment and people today they are ready to undertake risk and also bear the volatility of changing mutual fund market scenario.This shows that people with Middle Income Group are more attractive this market and are ready to bear the risk.It is observed that 75% investors have invested open ended schemes that they want higher returns on their invest ment rather than investing in closed ended schemes in mutual fund.It is observed that 42% investors have invested money for tax assumption.33% investors have invested money for higher returns in their investment.16% investors have invested money for value creation in fund. And remaining 9% investors have invested money for other reason.It is observed that 50% investors have not interested to invest money in mutual fund.33% investors have imperfect knowledge so they not invested money in mutual fund.9% investors find govt. securities bond is better thats way they not invested money in mutual fund. And remaining 8% investors have other reason so they not invested money in mutual fund.It is observed that more businessmen were inclined towards investing in current account. The ladies were inclined to invest their money in Gold and jewelleries. Service class people and retired class people prefer more saving and fixed deposits People with high income.It is observed that 70% investors hav e invested to getting returns in the range of 5-15% which shows in short span of time they are getting good returns and more than expectations.It is observed that 80% investors have invested in short term duration which indicates the investors have not ready to invest in long term period due to various risks associated with long term duration of investment.On asking how they get knowledge of mutual fund a large number of them attributed to print media. Even banks today follow the role of the investment advisors. Very few get any information from the e-media or Hence, AMCs must increase the awareness about their product through electronic media (TVs, Cables, Radios etc.) as well as and should not just constrained itself to the print advertisement those who do not read newspaper.SUGGESTIONSInvestors promontory of ViewThe question that entire customer, irrespective of the age group and financial status, think of is- Are mutual funds are a safe option? What makes them safe? The backsi de of mutual fund industrys safety is the way the business is defined and regulation of law. Since the mutual fund invests in the capital market instruments, so proper knowledge is essential. Hence the essential requirement is well informed seller and equally informed buyer whounderstands and helped them to understand the product (here we can say the capital market and the money market instruments) is the essential preconditions.A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City macrocosm Prudent Investor One ShouldAsk ones agent to give details of different schemes and match the appropriate ones.Go to the company records or the fund house regarding any queries if one is not satisfied by the agents.Investors should always keep an eye on the performance of the scheme and other good schemes as well which are available in the market for the closed comparison.Never invest blindly in the investments before going through the fact sheets, annual reports etc. of the company. Since, according to theGuidelines of SEBIThe AMCs are bound to disclose all the relevant data that is necessary for the investment purpose of investors. Companys (Mutual Fund Companies) Point of ViewFollowing measures can be taken by the company for getting higher investments in the mutual fund schemesEducate the agents or the salesmen decent so that they can take up the queries of the customer effectively.Set up separate customer care divisions where the customers can anytime pose their query, regarding the scheme or the current NAV etc. These customer care units can work out in accordance with the requirements of the customer and facilitates them to choose the scheme that suits their financial status.Conduct seminars or programs about mutual fund where every information about the product is outlined including the risk factor associated with the different classes of assets.Brokers should reduce the brokerage charges for intra day and delivery b ased so that the investor can save more amounts to generate extra investment for the investor as well as for the Mutual Fund companies.Mutual Fund companies should try to increase the promotion and advertisement strategies for awareness of Mutual fund in solapur city.CONCLUSIONSThe mutual fund industry is growing at a tremendous pace. A large number of plans have come up from different financial resources. With the stock markets oaring the investors are attracted towards these schemes. Only a small segment of the investors still in Mutual Funds and the main sourcesources of information still are the financial advisors followed by advertisements in different media. The Indian investors generally invest over period of 2-3 years. Also there is a tendency to invest in fixed deposits due to the security attached to it. In order to excel and make mutual funds a success, companies still need to create awareness and understand the psyche of the Indian customer.REFERENCESAgapova, Anna, 2011, The Role of Money Market Mutual Funds in Mutual Fund Families , Journal of Applied 1.Finance, Vol. 21, skip. 1, pp. 87-102.Agarwal, Vikas Boyson, Nicole M. Naik, Narayan Y, 2009, Hedge Funds for Retail Investors? An Examination of Hedged Mutual Funds , Journal of Financial denary Analysis, Vol. 44, Issue 2, pp. 273-305. 2.12Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi3.A. Vennila, R. Nandhagopal(2012) Investors Preference towards Mutual Funds in Coimbatore City European Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 1450-2267 Vol.29 No.1 (2012), pp. 115-1254.Binod Kumar Singh (2011) A Study on Investors Attitude towards Mutual Funds as an Investment Option JOURNAL OF ASIAN BUSINESS STRATEGY, VOL. 1(2) 8-155.Badrinath, S.G Gubellini, S, (2011), On the characteristics and performance of long-short, market-neutral and bear mutual funds , Journal of Banking Finance, Vol. 35 Issue 7, pp.1762-1776. 6.Dranikoff L, Koller, T. and Schneider, A, Divestiture Strategys Missing Link, Harvard Business Review, May 2002, 80 (5).7.Dr.Nishi Sharma (2009) Indian Inverstors Perception towards mutual funds Business Management Dynamics Vol.2, No.2, Aug 2012, pp.01-098.Gil-Bazo, Javier Ruiz Verd, Pablo, 2009, The comparison between Price and Performance in the Mutual Fund Industry , Journal of Finance, Vol. 64, Issue 5, pp. 2153-2183. 9.Hansen M and Nohria N, Whats your Strategy for Managing Knowledge? Harvard Business Review, MarchApril, 1999, 77 (2).110. Journal of Marketing, 32 (October), 65-68, 1968.11. Rajeswari, T.R., and V.E. RamaMoorthy, 2001, An Empirical Study on Factors Influencing the Mutual Fund Scheme Selection by Retail Investors . Retrieved on May 2010 http//www.utiicm .com/Cmc/PDFs/ 2001/rajeswari.pdf.12. Singh, Chander, 2004, Performance of mutual funds in India an empirical evidence , ICFAI journal of applied finance December, pp. 81-98.13. Subbash C. Jain, Marketing Planning and Strategy, South Western College Publishing, Sixth Edition, 2000. 14. Singh, B. K. and Jha, A.K . 2009, An empirical study on awareness acceptability of mutual fund , Regional Student s Conference, ICWAI, pp. 49-55.15. Winer, C. Strategic Thinking An executive Perspective, Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, 2000

Utilitarianism Theory Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Theory EssayUtilitarianism is a moral theory generally considered to have been founded by Jeremy Bentham, a 19th century position philosopher and social re author. It is centered on the concept of rapture, and those who seek it. The idea is that all tidy sum seek satisfaction, and that it is the ultimate goal of all human beings to be happy. Therefore, accord to classical utilitarianism, when a person wishes to act in an ethically sound manner he or she should strive to bring about the greatest affirmable amount of happiness for the greatest possible amount of people. This is known as the greatest happiness attitude. Another, similar idea is that a person should always strive, if unequal to(p) of producing happiness, to reduce unhappiness. As the theory is wholly focused on the outcome of a persons actions, it is classed as a consequentialist theory, i.e. a theory that concerns it with consequences and not actions in themselves. Utilitarianism can be seen a s a highly mathematical theorem, demeanoring at the total units of happiness that a particular action gives renegade to.For instance, I might want to go out and have drinks with some friends and my boyfriend or I could find something more family oriented and do something frolic with my son and my boyfriend. Consider that my son is only little for a short time, would I rather have drinks and regret the hang over later or sh be a memory with my little boy. Taking my son out for a night might add 10 units of happiness to the worlds total stock, whereas going out for drinks would only add a total of 6. Certainly, the latter would make a greater quantity of people happy (the former only benefiting one person), but it is the quantity of happiness produced that is of the first importance to utilitarianists. But let us look more closely at Benthams utilitarianism. To understand his approach more fully, it is vital that one come to an appreciation of exactly what he meant by happiness. Hi s ideas here are, really, quite simple. Bentham thought that we should look at happiness as being based on pleasure. Naturally, it follows from this that he also felt that we should treat unhappiness as something consisting of pain.This view on happiness has led his particular brand of utilitarianism to be seen as a hedonistic theory. Furthermore, Bentham did not distinguish between different forms of pleasure. To him, anything that gave rise to happiness be it drugs or reading was fundamentally good. Other philosophers have striven to develop Benthamstheories further. One of the more notable of these is John Stuart hoagie, who sought to distinguish between what he termed higher(prenominal) and lower pleasures. Mill disagreed with Benthams all-inclusive view on pleasure, feeling that there was a fundamental difference between the varying forms of pleasure open to people, and that some had a finer quality than others. It was Mill who put forth the notion that it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. Mills idea was fairly straightforward, namely that while there are many simple, sensual pleasures in life, such as eating or drinking, there are also certain pleasures which are of a more cerebral nature, such as listening to classical music or reading poetry. agree to Mill, these latter pleasures are of a greater quality, and should therefore be considered more important. He posited that someone who has experienced both forms of pleasure would naturally feel given up to choose the higher pleasures. For instance, a man who is familiar with both tasty food and good poetry would view the latter as something more valuable than the former. This is a fairly straightforward exploration of the most common forms of utilitarianism. The most important thing to remember about these theories is that they are consequentialist and, above all else, that they are concerned with the greater good. Utilitarianists dont care about your personal agenda or w hether your actions happen to hurt some people. As long as the eventual results of your actions lead to more pleasure than pain, youre in the clear.There were a number of things Mill did to change Utilitarianism. Mill said Better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied better to be a Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. Mill also cogitate Utilitarianism with Christian morality. He connected the theory with the teachings of Jesus. He said that the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality was abiding by the Golden Rule-Do onto others as you have them do to you. This made many more people accept Utilitarianism as it linked with their religion. Rules were introduced into Utilitarianism by Mill. The rules introduced were ones that generally brought about the greatest happiness for the greatest number.For example, Mill argued that society needs the principal of truthfulness as it brings the most happiness on the long run. Utilitarianism is a theory that Christians can re vive to. Mill brought it closer to the Christian church by introducing Rule Utilitarianism. This would be closer to the principals Jesus lived by. Forexample, it was against the Jewish law to work on the Sabbath but when people were in need, Jesus bent this rule and healed them. The largest connection Christianity has with Utilitarianism is the death of Jesus. He was crucified and died for the sins of mankind-sacrificing himself for the majority. However, Utilitarianism does accept evil where Christianity most certainly does not.

Leadership and Management in Nursing Care Delivery Models

Leadership and Management in Nursing Care address ModelsA headache pitching model is an integral component for delivering patient fretting. Nursing give care delivery model is a way of organizing at the building block level to facilitate the delivery of care for care to the patients (Tiedeman Lookinland, 2004). Organization of care is a key factor that determines quality of nursing care (Tiedeman Lookinland, 2004). Various types of care delivery models have been designed to meet the goals of efficient and effective nursing careWhile many different care delivery models are honorable in the shelters and departments of the acute care hospital that I work in, it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss them all. In the 20 bedded medical oncology ward that I work in, nursing care delivery is organised into ag pigeonholing and primordial nursing. Six beds are allocated to transplant patients. One registered nurse is assigned to be the primary nurse of three transplant pat ients for distributively one. The other fourteen patients are split between two team ups of nurses. Each team has a registered nurse, an enrolled nurse and a patient care assistant. Thus, this paper is concerned with these two modes of organization of care. An overview of primary and team nursing models of care will be presented. Thereafter, the experiences of nurses involved in the delivery of care using these models of care will be discussed with regards to job satisfaction and quality of care.Description of Care Delivery ModelPrimary Teamuphill in the United States in the1960s, the primary nursing model involves patients being allocated to individual nurses (Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). One registered nurse is allocated a number of patients for whose care this nurse is accountable during the patientshospital stay (OConnell, Duke, Bennett, Crawford, Korfiatis, 2006 Tiedman Lookinland, 2004).The nurse-patient relationship is the backbone of primary nursing. The primary nurse co llaborates with other health team members, the patient and family to continually assess, plan, implement, and evaluate the patients nursing care (Reed, 1988 Sellick, Russell, Beckmann, 2003 Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). When the primary nurse is unavailable to provide care, associate nurses follow the plan of care developed by the primary nurse, unless a change in patients mark off necessitates a modification of the care plan, so as to maintain the continuity of care for the patients (Tiedman Lookinland, 2004).Team NursingImplemented in the 1940s as a response to the nursing shortage resulting from theWorld War II, team nursing is based on the premise of collaboration and course of instruction of responsibilities for the nursing care of patients (Tiedman Lookinland, 2004).In team nursing, nurses and ancillary staff with different levels of education, skills and licensure are assigned to teams and each team provides total nursing care to the patients assigned to that team (OConnel l et at., 2006 Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). Leadership for each team is provided by a team leader, who is an experienced registered nurse responsible for planning and supervising the provision of nursing care for patients cared for by team members. The team leader has overall accountability for coordinating the nursing care provided, while the team members are accountable for completing their assigned tasks and for documenting the care delivered (OConnell et at., 2006).Nursing round Job SatisfactionPrimary TeamOne of the most important gains of primary nursing for the nurses interviewed was much contact and enhanced relationships with patients. One nurse said, I know more ab out each of my patients and do not constantly have to get to know new ones. These views are consistent with Mccleod and Stellas (1992) work where nursing staff on medical and surgical wards were asked what they liked about primary nursing. Participants liked the enhanced relationships and collaboration with pa tients and other members of the healthcare team. To be able to manage care of the same patients day after day was greatly appreciated by the nurses interviewed. This continuity of care led to the development of good relationships between the primary nurse and the patient as well as with relatives. This is an aspect that the nurses found change magnitude their levels of job satisfaction (McCleod Stella, 1992).Primary nursing facilitated an in-depth knowledge of their patients and as a consequence, the nurses felt more able to act as a patients advocate. Nurses verbalised they had additional certificate of indebtedness and accountability as all duties and responsibilities in taking care of a patient for his or her duration of stay is delegated entirely on a single nurse. The primary nurses interviewed perceived that they had the authority to make clinical judgments and decisions for the put on of the patient. Their use of phrases such as freedom from control by others, ability to plan and organize the workday, using knowledge to make decisions and advocating for the patient described autonomy. impropriety refers to the ability to act according to ones knowledge and judgment, providing nursing care within the full scope of practice as defined by existing professional, regulatory, and organisational rules (Gagnon, Bakker, Montgomery, Palkovits, 2010). The nurses noted that through practicing primary nursing, their autonomy was increased.There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that nurses perceived autonomy is linked to job satisfaction. A study by Melchior, Halfens, Abu-Saad, Philipsen, van den Berg Grassman (1999) investigated the effects of a primary nursing care delivery system on the work environment among nurses on the job(p) in long-stay psychiatric care settings. Results showed that as a result of primary nursing, the nurses found more autonomy in their work and thus experienced increased job satisfaction. Similarly, Macguire and Botting (1990) analysed the perceptions of nursing staff, following the introduction of primary nursing into an acute medical ward for elderly people. Nurses reported better communication, improved relationships and increased responsibility after implementing primary nursing. It appeared that both increased autonomy of practice and increased knowledge of specific patients, coupled with a greater continuity of care, gave nurses a extravagantly level of satisfaction than did previous methods of care delivery (Macguire Botting, 1990).On the downside, some nurses commented that working in a primary care system tends to be single out and this proved to be particularly difficult when they were looking after a critically ill patient. These experiences mirrored those reported by nurses in the study by Manley, Hamill, and Hanlon (1997).Team NursingNurses practicing team nursing commented that working as a team was a lot better, because then they can have somebody else supporting them up. Accord ing to OConnell et at. (2006), working collaboratively with team members serves to enhance job satisfaction, as many find this to be a learning experience that utilizes the expertise of each team member. This was supported by Rafferty, Ball, and Aiken (2001) who demonstrated that nurses who report a higher level of teamwork are more satisfied with their jobs, plan to stay in them, and are potential to experience less stress.However, enrolled nurses and the patient care assistants interviewed added that they felt the staff nurses were spending too much time with medications and writing reports while they were left to do the glowering manual work. A similar finding was demonstrated by OConnell et al. (2006). In this study, both registered nurses and enrolled nurses felt that the team-nursing model sometimes involved an uneven and unfair division of tasks that overburdened some nurses. The medication responsibilities of registered nurses within the team-nursing model imposed excessive demands on enrolled nurses as they were left with meeting the hygiene needs for the patients in their group without assistance. These tensions led to a decrease in job satisfaction.Quality of CarePrimary TeamThe nurses interviewed felt patients were more satisfied when primary nursing was in place because they received individualized care as a result of continuity and coordination of care. Primary nursing has led to the nurses having a better knowledge of the patient. Nurses pointed out that primary nursing enabled them to know each patient more closely. One nurse remarked, I know my patients like the back of my hand. Therefore, it was easier to find out what each patient needed and to meet those needs appropriately. Jenny and Logan (1992) suggest that greater knowledge of the patient is linked to the increased likelihood of picking up problematic changes in the patients condition. In addition, Perala and Hentinen (1989) found that through primary nursing, doctors received informa tion about patients that was more exact and relevant because nurses knew their patients better. This enabled nurses to provide more applicable and effective patient centred nursing care. In response to this therapeutic relationship, the patient feels more secure about and satisfied with nursing care (Jenny Logan, 2000). The nurses views were supported by the findings of Radwin (2000). In this study conducted over a 3-year period, oncology patients were asked to identify qualities of nursing care that were important to them. Professional knowledge, joint decision making between the patient and the nurse, individualized interference plans, promptness to addressing individualized needs and continuity of care were some aspects of care delivery that were identified.Team NursingNurses interviewed said that since staff was supervised more closely, the likelihood of missing things out was low. This, they felt, resulted in patients receiving better care. This sentiment was echoed by the nu rses in OConnell et al.s (2006) study. Moreover, nurses added that the patients benefitted from the combined skills of the team. According to the study by Cioffi and Ferguson (2009), team nursing made a difference to patient care as it was patient-oriented, all the nurses in the team were familiar with the patients receiving care, care was more complete as things were missed less oftentimes and staffs were supervised more closely. This resulted in patients receiving better care.In conclusion, providing care to a group of patients require nurses to be more efficient and use their time more effectively. Nursing care delivery models facilitate this. This paper has provided an overview of primary and team nursing care delivery models. The experiences of nurses were discussed with regards to job satisfaction and quality of care in the two models. Literature supporting the nurses experiences was then explored.

Denial Of The Holocaust History Essay

Denial Of The final solution History Essay gentlemans gentleman fight II was a gruelling time to live in. Families altogether over the world were sending their husbands, sons, and brothers off to fight Adolf Hitler and his Nazis. But while they were fighting for peace, many others were fighting for their lives. In 1941, the number whizz of a horrific event occurred the final solution. It all began when the Nazis came into power in Germany. They believed that Germans were racially superior and that the Jews, deemed inferior, were an alien threat to the so-cal lead German racial community (Holocaust Memorial). As a result the Jews were then placed in ghettos, concentration camps, or forced-labor camps where they either died from malnourishment, incarceration, maltreatment, or disease. Extermination of the Jews was an essential part of the gospel of Nazism and implicit in(p) in the core of its creed (Wigoder 450). Out of the seventy eight people in my family, I am the only one to survive. My parents had three boys and three girls My parents were Jacob and toby my brothers were Moishe and Baruch, and my sisters were Sarah, Rivka and Leah. They were all killed, take ins Holocaust survivor Solomon Radasky (Quotes from Holocaust). By the end of the Holocaust, around six million Jews were killed. Even though in that location is substantial evidence that this event occured, on that signalize are many people in the world that believe the Holocaust never really happened. Holocaust denial began in 1979 when Willis Caro shewed the Institute for Historical polish (IHR), the headquarters of Holocaust denial.Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II did non occur at all, or that it did non happen in the manner or to the extent historically recognized (Holocaust Denial). David Irving, a popular Holocaust denier, claimed in a speech in Portland, Oregon, Yes, hundreds of thousands of people were killed, but there were no fac tories of stopping point (Representative Quotes). Deborah Lipstadt, an Ameri croupe historian, author and Holocaust denier, reports that a 1993 Roper Poll establish that twenty two percent of American adults and twenty percent of American high school students believe that it is possible that the Holocaust didnt happen. A 1993 Newsweek poll found that a full forty percent of American adults establish doubts regarding the generally accepted magnitude of the Holocaust (Austin). Key elements of Holocaust denial claims are the rejection of the following that the German Nazi government had a policy of intentionally targeting Jews for extermination as a people and that genocide was carried out at extermination camps using tools of mass murder, such as bollix up domiciliate (Holocaust Denial). In order to make their points, deniers concentrate on their opponents weak points, while rarely saying anything definitive most their own position.Holocaust deniers emphasize the inconsistenci es between witness accounts, for example (Shermer 212). Most believe that eyewitness accounts are rattling helpful when making an argument they provide us with their experiences and thoughts on the matter. They tell us stories about what had happened to them, their friends, their families, and other people that went through the same experiences. But Elizabeth Loftus, a world-renowned memory expert and University of Washington psychology professor, found that an individuals memory is non as accredited as most of us think (182). As new bits and pieces of information are added into long-term memory, the old memories are removed, replaced, crumpled up, or shoved into corners (Loftus 20). Since this became a graphic possibility, many Holocaust deniers use this to their advantage by telling Holocaust survivors that what had happened to them was all in their imaginations that it never occurred. For example, on March 14, 1994, Michael Shermer, the author of Why mountain Believe Weird Things, went on the Phil Donahue show to discuss Holocaust denial with Bradley Smith and David Cole, two Holocaust deniers. They both focused on rejecting that gas put up and crematoria were used for the mass murder of Jews. During the show, Smith made a statement that it was a lie about the Germans cooking Jews to make soup out of them. This claim sent a Holocaust survivor, Judith Berg, on the edge claiming that this statement was true. She went ballistic when Smith continued denying that what had happened to her and what she had seen for several months was the truth. Smith used her hysteria against her to make her bulge as if she was lying. He twisted her words, as well as Shermers few attempted thoughts in the discussion, to help him prove his point. A nonher attacking point during this schedule was the discussion of gas house.Many survivors of the Holocaust talk about the gas chambers. Gas chambers are claimed to be one of the leading cause of death in concentration and ext ermination camps during the Holocaust. Judith Berg, the survivor that appeared on the Phil Donahue show, claimed she lived near the crematorium in Auschwitz, where she spent several months. I lived near the crematorium as remote as I am from you. You would never eat roast chicken if you had been there (Phil). It is a wonder to many individuals how deniers can claim that the extermination of Jews by gas chambers never happened when these facilities palliate exist to this day (Shermer 227). One of the leading Holocaust deniers, Fred A. Leuchter, Americas leading specialist on the design and fabrication of consummation equipment, was curious about the gas chambers. In 1988, Leuchter scraped samples from the gas chamber walls in Auschwitz, Birkenau and Lublin. Cyanide residue would be clearly evident on all these walls if gassings did occur. To his astonishment, Leuchter found no significant cyanide traces in any one of these rooms. In 1991, the Polish government repeated these tests to disprove Leuchters findings, but they as well found no evidence of any gassings ever occurring (Hoax). It overly appeared that the structure of these gas chambers was also extremely faulty. The rooms apparently had ordinary doors and windows which are not sealed. There are large gaps between the floors and doors. If the Germans had attempted to gas anyone in these rooms, they would chip in died themselves, as the gas would have leaked and contaminated the entire area. Also, no equipment exists to carry off the air-gas mixture from these buildings. Nothing was made to introduce or distribute the gas throughout the chambers. There are no provisions to prevent condensation of gas on the walls, floors or ceilings. No exhaust stacks have ever existed (Hoax).Not only do survivors claim that gas chambers existed but guards have confessed to the gassings as well. Pery Broad, an SS Unterscharfhrer, was captured by the British on May 6, 1945. After his capture, he wrote a memoir that w as passed on to the British Intelligence Service. In his memoir, he exposit in detail the gassing procedure, including the use of Zyklon-B and the design of the undressing room, gas chambers, and crematorium (Shermer 230). Deniers dismiss defenses like Broads because they think the guards that have confessed to gassing were either coerced into a confession or made up the claim for bizarre psychological reasons. Broad also claimed that the gassing exhibit only took about four minutes to complete. Deniers point this out because it is at odds with the statements of others, such as Commandant Hoess, who claim it was more like twenty minutes. Because of such discrepancies, deniers dismiss the account entirely. A cardinal different accounts give a dozen different figures for time of death by gassing, so deniers believe no one was gassed at all. Obviously, the gassing process would take different amounts of time due to variations in conditions such as temperature, the number of people, the room size and the amount of Zyklon-B poured into the room (230).It seems as though Holocaust deniers thrive on the inconsistencies of eyewitnesses to prove their points. Granted eyewitness accounts of the Holocaust may not be the best way to prove what happened since memory is lost or distorted with time. Elizabeth Loftus admits that eyewitness accounts are faulty because every time we recall an event, we must reconstruct the memory, and with each recollection the memory and reality may be stird colored by succeeding events, other peoples recollections or suggestions Truth and reality, when seen through the filter of our memories, are not objective but subjective, interpretive realities (Loftus 20). But what Holocaust deniers forget is that there are plenty of other ways to prove that the Holocaust existed such as pictures, videos, and remnants from the facilities used during the Holocaust.There are not many of the above left due to the fact that the Nazis tried their best to conceal the crimes they had committed after the war. First, they limited the written record of their crime to a minimum. Second, they falsified the record, to the spirit level that technical and organizations made its existence necessary. And lastly, they destroyed the superfluous and the most incriminating part of the record, once it had served its purpose, in the final phase of the Third Reich. They destroyed not only documents, they also destroyed the mass killing apparatus and liquidated the witnesses (Denial). Although there is not as much evidence as there was during World War II, what remains is still enough to prove that it existed.If there is a museum dedicated to the Holocaust, how can anyone say that it doesnt exist? The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, found in Washington DC, is a living memorial to the Holocaust. It has exhibits containing more than 900 artifacts, 70 video monitors, and four theaters that include historic film footage. Some of the videos on di splay at heart the museum are of the experimentation as well as the execution that was performed on the Jews within concentration camps. These videos are graphic and disturbing to watch. During my visit to the Holocaust museum, roughly visitors may not find many of the exhibits moving or disturbing until they actually watch the videos, such as a video of the experimentations performed on the Jews. The one video that sticks out in my mind is the one about fertility and genetic experiments. The video showed graphic images of guards raping the women in the camps. Many found the video very disturbing and violating. In another part of the museum, they have a railcar that was used to transport Jews from their homes to the concentration camps visitors can even walk through it. The museum also contains the barracks in which the Jews lived. They are just planks on top of supports, theres nothing really to them. Many Holocaust deniers believe that the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has no check whatever of homicidal gassing chambers, and no substantiation that even one individual was gassed in a German program of genocide (Phil). Although it is true that they do not show the actual gassing of Jews, they have written documents from the camps as well as the Shoe Room. This room contains hundreds of shoes from the undressing rooms of the gas chambers you can still smell the feet of the individuals who wore them. Most who visit find the museum an amazing tribute to the Holocaust and that it captures the harsh reality of what the Holocaust was.Many know the saying, a picture is worth a thousand words. Well this is very true when it comes to pictures of the Holocaust. Although most photographic evidence of the Holocaust was destroyed by the Nazis towards the end of World War II, there are still plenty that remain. There are pictures of emaciated, naked bodies lying on top of one another in pits take in the ground. The bodies in the pits were then fueled to make room for more bodies. There are other pictures of naked women being lined up following(a) to the pits with guards pointing guns at them the women were then killed execution style and thrown into the pits with the other bodies. There are pictures of children smiling at cameras through barbed wire fences in stark prisoners clothing. There are also plenty of pictures of men, women, and children waiting in line to be placed in gassing chambers, awaiting their death. With pictures such as these that remain, how can anyone deny the fact that an act as horrific as the Holocaust existed?Not only are there pictures of these horrific events, there is significant evidence that still exists today. The Memorial and Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau still contains remnants of the gas chambers. Auschwitz is, in many ways, the main target of attacks by deniers, yet the denial of genocide, the existence of the gas chambers, and mass murder til now extends to all the camps, the death camps, and, gener ally, the mass killing of the Jews (Denial). The gas chambers were used by authorities to delete traces of their awful crimes by burning bodies (Wigoder 190). The Leuchter Report, claimed that there was not enough hydrogen cyanide present in the existing gas chambers to prove that the Jews were killed there. He claimed that with how small the amount that was present, the Zyklon-B was only used for delousing purposes only. This is contradicted not only by statements from former prisoners and Auschwitz commandant himself. The basic German document on crematorium throughout, prepared by the Central Construction Board in Auschwitz on June 28, 1943, states that the five crematoria in the Auschwitz and Birkenau camps, together, could burn four thousand seven hundred fifty six corpses in a twenty four-hour period. This document indicates that the Birkenau crematoria could burn 1.6 million bodies per year. This makes it clear that the Leuchter Report is nothing more than an attempt, conceal ed beneath an academic-looking smokescreen of graphs, analyses, and calculations, at misinforming readers who have no access to the scholarly literature (Denial). more than proof of the existence of gas chambers exists in the remains of the floor plans for concentration camps. They are very clearly drawn and state the undressing, gassing, crematoria, and morgue rooms. With all of this evidence stacked up, it is obvious that gas chambers existed and were used in the extermination of Jews during the Holocaust.Today, we face an alarming rise in Holocaust denial and anti-Semitism-even in the very lands where the Holocaust happened-as well as genocide and threats of genocide in other parts of the world all of this when we are soon approaching a time when Holocaust survivors and other eyewitnesses will no longer be alive (About). Holocaust deniers focus on the faultiness of eyewitness accounts. They may change with time, contradict each other, and may be too crazy to believe, but eyewitn ess testimonies are still keys to the past and to our worlds history. Although their experiences are important to the proof of the Holocaust, there is a large amount of other evidence that helps to prove its existence. The Nazis failed at trying to hide what the Holocaust was by attempting to destroy the concentration camps, documents, photographs, and videos. Their failure led to the creation of museums such as the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and The Memorial and Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau that are dedicated to the memory of the Holocaust. The extermination of six million Jews is not a fallacy but a reality. The deniers may claim that only a few million were killed during the Holocaust, but then what happened to the other few million? It is not possible for two or three million people to just disappear of the face of the Earth. Deniers may claim that there were no gas chambers and that the chambers were only used for delousing due to the evidence that Fred Leuchter su pposedly found. They also may claim that the museums have no video or photographic proof that Jews were gassed, but the proof the floor plans and documents that remain say otherwise. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Memorial and Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau contain so many artifacts and evidence that Holocaust deniers can barely make a case. Holocaust deniers may think they are able to prove the Holocaust didnt exist, but the amount of evidence available proves otherwise.

Tourism Planning And Sustainable Tourism Tourism Essay

Tourism Planning And Sustainable Tourism Tourism studycapital of Singapore has unendingly been an innovative country. Ever since the holi sidereal daymaker boom, and the change of policy by the government to ease the policy by letting foreigners into Singapore and having the close to be converted into PR (Permanent Resident). In the year 2009, the Integrated Resort (IR) was made where in that location are 2010 hotel rooms and a casino made. Since the World large Web or the Internet was created, the world has been experiencing quick pace changes on the tourism arena. Tourist similarly can be affected by the Internet, e rattling positively or negatively. But positively, is alwaysFor a long time that the diffusion of the technologies that is in the tourism improved kick the bucket wait on supply in efficiency, quality and flexibility. Based on a concept of a tourism system, the world is experiencing quick pace changes because the tourism has befit a major sparing sector and the Internet is one of the most influential technologies that will change expirelers behaviours and habits. The Internet are able to help online travellers to receive the updated time and unlimited travel information before travelling abroad they also can choose their final destination. Therefore, information through destination website plays an authorized role in influencing decision-making and change magnitude actual arrivals. In the way of the technological trend and the development, National Tourism Organisations admonisher their online travel informations and continuously make sure that it meets the needs of consumers and develop online service to meet consumers satisfaction and experience.http//www.ifitt.org/admin/public/uploads/KaoLouvieris.pdfSingapore hosted one round of the 2008 FIA Formula unmatchable, The World Championship. The race, held on a new street circuit at Marina talk, was the very first iniquity-time resolution for Formula One history. The event was c onsidered a success referable to the sheer amount of organisation, planning and cooperation put in the event. Also in 2010, Singapore hosted the inaugural YOG (Youth Olympic Games) then the Singapore Tourism Board (STB), who says the Games, is expected to have a minimum of 180,000 tittle-tattleors per nights for Singapore.The negative impacts are such as needed of much manpower to tighten the security to prevent increasing of crime rate. As many tourer who visit Singapore, there is an increase of holidaymaker who are being targeted for robbery and theft. Law re-enforcement is needed to ensure safety for either the citizen or the tourist. Traffic congestion is another major problem due to increase of tourist and taxi is there only means of transportation. Currently there is an estimated of 20,000 taxi(sgforum 17 Oct) which flood most of the road in Singapore at bottom 660sq kilometre. In revisal to cater to more taxi, Certificate of Entitlement (COE) has increased, preventing the local to unable to afford the car. Increase of tourism does affect the regions and natural environment, such as b from each onees, weewee supply, heritage sites and the natural reserve. It affects the environment due to over usage and air pollution through traffic emission.EconomicSingapore, one of the most fast pitiful countries in Southeast Asia at the same time perhaps the most prosper country in the world and the safest place to be at. Each day transaction could reach up to billions of dollar flowing in and out of Singapore, creating many business opportunity and jobs for the local. With the fast growing economic, Singapore attracts 19 one million million (Singapore tourism lineup 17 cot) of tourist flying into this region for work or holiday in 2011. Tourism industry is one of the most tradeant sectors in gain grounding the economy of Singapore. With the increasing number of tourist each year, more hotels are building and upgraded to accommodate to the needs. In order to cater to the tourism sectors, the board of tourism has created much sight for tourist to visit. Tourist attraction such as the Singapore Zoological Garden and Singapore Night Safari primed(p) at Mandai, Sentosa Island, Marina Bay Sands Singapore and Garden By the Bay.DEMAND FOR JOBSAs the economy of Singapore is growing and more tourist visiting each year, there will definitely cause positive and negative impact affecting the general economy. The positive impact would be creating jobs to the tourism sector. In order to cater to the amount of tourist visiting Singapore, more house maid is hired to improve the efficiency in cleaning the room. Not only the chamber maid has increased, more jobs related to the tourism sector have relatively in need of manpower to cater the huge amount of visitor every(prenominal) year. As more people are employed, more people are able to afford on goods and servicesCURRENCYEven though Singapore has a strong currency, there are still many visitors v isiting Singapore each year. Comparing with the European country, foreigners prefer coming to Singapore to hand because the currency exchange towards Singapore exchange rate is inferior to them. They would usuall(a)y do their shopping because it is much way cheaper compared to Europe.DEMAND FOR GOODS AND SERVICESThere is always a strong demand for goods due to the quality of product. In Singapore, products are differentiated from other country. Buyers are afraid of purchasing fake goods. The chances of buying a fake product in Singapore are very low as the immigration is very strict on imitation goods. Service provided is of high quality compared too much other country. They would rather profit at customer satisfaction. Goods may be also being in demand as they are cheaper. Prices may vary due to many reasons like tax or shipping.NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTEven though the economics of travel and tourism manly emphasise on the benefit of tourism. There is much negative impact on the e conomy such as over-dependence on tourism. many another(prenominal) countries might be over-dependence on the tourism sector, these results in negligence on other sectors of income. Singapore has no natural resources to avow on and therefore they rely on largely tourism sector. Leakages of expenditure are due to spending on foreign based company. For example, Hilton hotel is a foreign based company and all the money earns are leakage to other country.Positive Economic ImpactThe are many positive economic impact on the tourism sector such as taxes collected from the visitors visiting Singapore. Those taxes collected manly used to fund the needy and the school, building proper roads and upgrading of facilities. As tourism increases, more jobs for locals at the Tourism sector and FB sectors. As more jobs are created, locals would be able to spend more. As demanded, it would also lead to an increase in the import and export trade.TOURISM PLANNING SUSTAINABLE TOURISMThe country we hav e picked is Singapore, which is the little red dot on the South East Asia area on a lower floor the Peninsula. We have been considered a well prosperous and flourished country to our achievement we have had due to the amount of tourist coming and some even decide to become a permanent resident here and not be called foreigner any more. For example, Singapore is famous for its inaugural Night Race for Formula One in 2008 and it is already in its fifth year. Every year after the night race is over, there is a group of event organiser that plans the night race for the next night race and it requires some skills and requirements. In addition, we have a few popular attractions such as Universal Studios Singapore (USS), Marina Bay Sands (MBS), the new Garden By The Bay and the up-coming Marine Life-Park which is going to be located at Resort World Sentosa (RWS) which is going to be worlds largest oceanarium and also the S.E.A. Aquarium, the worlds largest aquarium. Not all these will happ en without the people behind the scenes. In addition, with these people, planning, achievable goal is needed.Tourism planning is oriented by goals, as there is a need to achieve specific objectives by using resources programmes with peoples needs and wants. Comprehensive planning requires a systematic approach. The planning objectives may be lightheaded to set, save executing it will be tedious.First step is to define goals and objectives. Second is identifying the tourism system. Third is generated and quantify alternatives. Fourth is select and implement and delay is monitor and evaluate. Follow these few steps and planning will be made easy. Definition of tourism planning is plans that are made to attract tourist from other countries to visit Singapore for all sort of forms of activities, either leisure, holiday, backpacking, recreation or even business.The goals and objectives of planning an event in Singapore sounds simple but due to the constraint of space, most space will either be taken up for months or need to be booked a year before the event happens. Setting the objective to get a place for an event is important, as it is the beginning of the first step. Next, identify the tourism system. Meaning, the changes in places of visit and channels of distribution such as tour agents. The third steps are to generate and evaluate alternatives, for example, generating another plan or venue for the event to be organised. For events such as F1 in Singapore, having an alternative venue will be almost impossible because the preparation needed is massive. Once an alternative has been chosen, evaluate the decision with other organiser to know that the correct decision has been made. Next, select and implement meaning, put the things that has been planned into action. Everything the organisers have decided, will be executed, contacting event worry let them know who to be contacted who what purpose. Example, TKH Lighting Electrical Pte Ltd is to set up the ligh ts and electrical works by a certain period. The last step is, monitor and evaluate. Monitor the progress of each department, whether they are doing things according to plan.Sustainable tourism is the impact of tourist on the locals and environment. The aim is to ensure that positivity of the locals towards tourism companies and the tourist are kept up. Even though there have been some issues about employment here, some Singaporeans think that tourist can help to boost up on Singapores economy to nonplus the tourism industry.. Singapore is a very vibrant country with its ever popular nightspots, dining restaurants, some libertine shopping malls and the list goes on. However, Singapore is truly a paradise for tourist and even locals as the history attracts people Singapore. Here, we have Chinese, Malay and Indian farming and is very unique from the other South East Asia countries. The time to explore this little red dot has to offer, would take a lifetime.Sustainable tourism is to try to make a low impact environment and local culture while it is to help generate future employment for the locals. In addition, the aim to sustain tourism is to develop positive experience for local people, tourist, foreigners and tourism companies.

Discovery Of Society Essay -- essays research papers

What is the meaning of familiarity? Its a simple word but with a very complicated definition. Society is our aver everyday reality. Its features such as economics, culture, language and philosophy is what unites individuals and creates a society. In the book, The Discovery of Society, written by Randall Collins and Michael Makowsky we are commensurate to capture the ideas and beliefs of a variety of cordial thinkers. All of these thinkers had a different perspective towards what a society needs to survive and maintain itself afloat. One of these social thinkers was Karl Marx (1818-1883). He was a German political philosopher and revolutionist. Marx was very concern with the history of class struggle. He felt that the history of society was a history itself of the struggles that existed in the midst of the ruling and the oppressed social classes. In Marxs time, slaves were considered the have nots and were the ones doing all the work while the haves were taking benefit of their effort.According to Marx, the economy was organized around industrial production and commercial exchange, which explains why he classified the bourgeois society into two main classes. These classes were the capitalist who owned the factories, banks and the goods to trade and the proletarians who owned nothing but their own labor power. Marx felt that the division of classes was what was responsible for the conflict and suffering of all society. This is what encouraged Marx to conceptualise that chaos was the only way in which classes would break up and no longer exist.Marx was equal to(p) to get his point across in the modern socialist doctrine, better known as the Communist Manifesto. Even though, Marx was ordered to leave Paris because of all his revolutionary activities he did set a great regularize on all communist literature. The situation of the banishment of Marx was very similar to what one of the subjects in the book of, Brave New World, Bernard Marx, had to experienc e. This certain character is similar to Karl Marx because of the way in which he didnt agree with the system that already existed. This caused the World Controller to decide that it was best to sent him away in order to prevent him from putting ideas in the minds of other individuals of the society. In the case of Karl Marx the character, World Controller, could be associated with the Belgian go... ...on. In the book, Things Fall Apart we are able to see this situation when the British attempt and succeed in colonizing the society of the Ibo and other neighboring tribes. In this example, its really a contradiction which is set by the British because they wanted to force this society to be who they werent and the British didnt take into consideration the organization already set up by the Ibo. I feel we still have a few more years to go before we could actually comprehend the meaning of society. As for the ancient philosophers, some of them did depict a close picture of what was ex pected in the present time. To be honest, the social thinker I could relate the most is Karl Marx for the background that he was so strongly opposed to class division. Even though, it would be great if there werent any divisions in our society but it is impossible. I feel this way because in our society exists too much racism. Also no matter how hard we try not to classify people into groups its difficult. You every have money and you are on the top level or middle or you have no money and are homeless. In this society and every other one its all about the Benjamins in your pocket and bank account

The Legend of The Scottish Play :: Urban Legends

The Legend of The Scottish Play1) BackgroundI interviewed a freshman theater major at the University on the takings of urban legends. The interview was conducted in my dormitory room. The nineteen-year-old female college student is originally from Delaware, and her parents are both real estate appraisers. When inquired about urban legends, she recalled the theater apprehension and superstitions that she knew intimately as an actress. The interviewee was particularly eager to talk about the curse associated with Macbeth, the Scottish Play. 2) Transcription of the Legend of the Scottish PlayMacbeth Thats not a superstition Thats truth and fact gestures emphatically with fist If you do Macbeth, something bad will happen if you say, Macbeth in the theater, something bad will happen. I have align stories to testify to that champion. Lets see, umm what show were we doing?... Our Town, we were doing Our Town. And there are clears throat people in my school like to mess with peo ple like me who believe in the Macbeth superstition, and so theyll go into the theater and theyll just go, MACBETH and I will freak out and I tell them to go outside and eddy around troika times and spit over their left shoulder, because thats the antidote. But they dont, because theyre trying to mess with me, and something bad always happens. So when were doing Macbeth, this kid, who is one of the stage managers, I wasnt there when it happened so I couldnt make him go outside, but my director told me that he said, Macbeth, in the theatre, and so I was like freaking out and everyone was like, dont freak out, its not a big deal, but it was, because our curtain broke. That day. Later that day, the curtain broke. It was two geezerhood before the show. Yeah. His fault. Another example. We were doing Romeo and Juliet and okay, now I know this is not an accident, but it doesnt matter. Still, somebody said Macbeth in the theatre, and I told them to go outside and spin around b ut they didnt do it, and then somebody stole all my costumes, and I was Juliet so it was conformation of a big deal and kind of bad.It came from, because the um, the spells that are said