Develop Tourism in Sri Lanka Essay

Introduction In countries like Maldives, Malaysia, Singapore and Spain, tourism and related recreation activities play a significant role in the generation of income / foreign exchange and provision of employment opportunities. In fact, in the global context this industry is identified as the single largest economic contributor. Moreover, tourism plays a crucial role in the attainment of macroeconomic stability. Besides, the political stability of a country has a major impact on its tourism industry. According to the preceding view, this essay aims at evaluating empirically the significance of tourism in Sri Lanka after ending civil war. The relationship will be analyzed based on a time series approach. The study will end eavour to estimate the relationship between economic performance and tourism revenue, subject to main macroeconomic variables and political stability of the country. With respect to policy implications, the study recommends that The role of tourism could be highly emphasized in the sustainable economic development with a stable political environment. Sri Lanka entered the international tourism market in the 1960s. Since then, this industry has been growing steadily as a promising sector for the economic development, subject to periodical setbacks especially the civil war prevailed in Sri Lanka, world terrorist attacks and natural disasters. For example, international tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka increased from 18,969 in 1966 to 438,475 in 2008 consequently the receipts from tourism (Sri Lanka Tourist Board 2008). In particular, the contribution of Travel & Tourism to Gross Domestic Product was 7.5% (LKR407.5bn or US$3,388.1mn) in 2009 in Sri Lankan economy. The contribution of the Travel & Tourism economy to  employment wasb503,000 jobs in 2009, 6.2% of total employment or 1 in every 16.2 jobs it also is expected to grow up to 579,000 jobs, 6.7% of total employment or 1 in every 14.8 jobs by 2020. Similarly, the contribution for real GDP growth for Travel & Tourism sector was 5.9% and the travel & Tourism investment was at LKR131.9bn, US$1,096.8mn or 10.1% of total investment in 2009. Out o f 186 registered countries of WTTC the Sri Lankan Travel & Tourism economy is ranked number 87 in absolute size worldwide and 110 in relative contribution to national economies. Tourism remains the fastest growing service industry in the economies of most of developing countries; hence more research has gone into the operations of the sector in order to examine its economic significance and potential. (Amstrong, 1974) It is known that the industry provides an important impetus to growth in other sectors such as agriculture, transportation, retailing and manufacturing and is therefore seen as a key component of economic development. It plays a major role for the generation of foreign exchange which directly facilitates the improvement of foreign reserves of said economies. (Stynes, Daniel J 1999) Similarly, the sector has shown greater improvements in employment generation (direct and indirect), revenue accruing to tourist sites, and increase in number of hotels and similar establishments and other tourism supply establishments. Main Body Given its natural advantages, the tourism sector is viewed as one of the most important engines of growth and development in the Sri Lankan economy and as such, is a key focus in the Government’s industrial strategy. Tourism main supporting sectors account for more than 8.0 per cent of GDP. In relation to employment, agriculture transport, storage & communication, construction, and distribution are the primary beneficiaries from a dollar spent within the tourism industry. Further, these sectors account for over 7.0 per cent of the employed labor force. However, the descriptive analysis points to the continued low and declining impact of the industry on the overall economy in particular in the context of other countries like Thailand, Malaysia and Kenya. However the investment share for tourism sector being high the unstable political situation could be the closest reason for this less performance in the case of comparison. With the end of war, the expected boom in the industry over the years to come will have a noticeable impact. The second empirical modal shows a strong relationship between the political stability and macroeconomic performance in particular with reference to the tourism sector. It is highly recommended to maintain a stable political situation of the country in order for industries like tourism to flourish. The paper has, in the main, addressed two of the important elements of an economic significance of the tourism industry. Further work to be undertaken includes the computation and comparison of cyclical movements of tourism sector performance in response to the global economic and political changes. Percentage of Capital investment in travel and tourism sector in Sri Lanka, South Asia and in the World 2009 In comparison to the 7.7 of South Asia and 9.4 in the world the capital investment percentage of Sri Lankan economy for travel and tourism sector is 10.6. This also highlights the significance of this sector in Sri Lankan economy. Source; World travel and tourism Council Economic impact report – 2009 Percentage of direct industry GDP in travel and tourism sector in Sri Lanka, South Asia and in the World 2009 In 2009 the direct contribution to the GDP from travel and tourism sector is 2.7 in Sri Lanka. The World situation is 3.2 for the same and South Asian Region’s contribution to its GDP from the said sector is 2.2. Source; World travel and tourism Council Economic impact report – 2009 Percentage of Travel & Tourism Employment in total Employment -2009, selected Economies The above figure compares the contribution of employment generation from travel and Tourism sector and Sri Lanka is in the 9th place just 0.1 above India. India being a giant in its resources for tourism product this is the significant place irrespective of Sri Lanka’s internal issues. However Seychelles, Maldives and Maturities are islands who offer similar product. Source; World travel and tourism Council Economic impact report – 2009 Percentage of Travel & Tourism sector contribution to the total GDP-2009, selected Economies The following graph highlights the contribution to the total GDP from Travel and Tourism sector. Sri Lanka enjoys here too a better place in comparison to India which illustrates the significance of this sector in Sri Lankan economy. Here too Seychelles, Maldives and Maturities are islands are out of the general comparison since their product is totally different from the rest of the countries. Source; World travel and tourism Council Economic impact report – 2009 When we move to the second objective of this research we have to check whether there is a war influence on Sri Lankan tourism industry or not. After running an OLS regression The following results have been obtained. As we know receipts from tourism depend on many factors, but in this study factors such as exchange rate, word GDP has been considered. To measure the civil war influence in tourism sector, dummy variable has been included. According to the results changes in exchange rate causes to change in receipts from tourism averagely by 395.78 million while world GDP causes to approximately 930 million. However coefficient of exchange rate is  significant at 1 % level by showing the importance of exchange rate behavior in the tourism industry in Sri Lanka. As the theory implies increase in exchange rate motivate the tourist’s arrivals, because then they are able to exchange more rupees for ICBI 2010 their dollars. World GDP also a better proxy for world living condition and it is positively related with the Sri Lankan tourism industry. When we are evaluating the war influence, the coefficient of dummy variable should be taken in to account. According to this coefficient the average receipts from tourism in non war period is higher than averagely by 3919.75 million compared to the war period. This implies that there is a significant war influence on the Sri Lanka tourism industry. In fact tourist’s arrivals have been limited during the war period, because several international media have also warned Sri Lanka as an unsafe place to visit. Especially, after terrorist attacks on Katunayake International Airport and Central Bank of Sri Lanka, tourism arrivals have dropped down dramatically. The model which has been used to evaluate the above situation is statistically significant at 1 % level and according to the value of R2, explanatory variables jointly explained approximately 93 % of total variation of receipts from tourism. According to both descriptive and econometric approaches of analysis in this study, the significance of tourism sector in Sri Lankan economy has implied to be a major portion for key macroeconomic measurements. Similarly the adverse effects of war on tourism sector have showed a massive loss for Sri Lankan economy over the last decades. The policies of the government in promoting tourism can be summarized as comprising seven main points. * The Government, recognising the significant contribution that tourism makes to social and economic * development of Sri Lanka, has accorded high priority for tourism in its overall programme of national development. * Apart from the obvious economic advantages of tourism, the Government also recognizes the socio-cultural and political benefits that can accrue. * The Ten-year Tourism Master Plan (1992-2001), prepared by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) with funding assistance from UNDP, will serve as the blue-print for tourism development up to the end of this century, with appropriate modifications to suit changing circumstances. The Government also recognises  the importance of promoting domestic tourism, not only as a means to enhance the quality of life of the people, but also as a vital necessity for national integration of people living in isolation due to geographic and ethnic barriers. However, the Government is conscious and mindful of the potential adverse effects that uncontrolled and unplanned tourism development can have on Sri Lankan society and the physical environment. Accordingly, the corner-stone of the Tourism Development Policy will be planned, coordinated and sustainable development. The pace of tourism development over the five-year period 1995-1999 will be moderate, neither too high nor too low, as recommended in the Tourism Master Plan, by taking into consideration the socio-cultural and environmental absorptive capacity. This will help to optimize the economic benefits of tourism, while at the same time minimizing potential adverse impacts on Sri Lankan society and the environment. P olicy of mobilizing the private sector to invest in tourism projects and operate tourism enterprises will be pursued with greater vigor in line with the free-market economic policies of the Government. The Government will follow the main recommendations of the Ten-year Tourism Development Plan for development of tourism, with modifications as deemed necessary. The Plan has set definite targets for development. * to increase tourist arrivals from the 1992 level of 394,000 to 874,000 by the year 2001, with an average annual growth rate of 9 per cent; * to increase foreign exchange earnings from the 1992 level of US$ 201 million to US$ 706 million by 2001, an average annual growth rate of 15 per cent; * to increase hotel accommodation capacity from the 1992 level of 10,200 rooms to 17,600 rooms by 2001, an average annual growth rate of 6 per cent; and 95 * to increase total employment, both direct and indirect, from the 1992 level of 69,000 jobs to 137,000 by2001, an average annual growth rate of 8 per cent. The Government believes that the targets are realistic and attainable and is working towards their attainment. However, with the improvement in the security situation with the restoration of peace and stability, a boom in tourism is expected and hence a re-adjustment of the targets will be required. The tourism product program is designed to encourage the private sector by providing fiscal and other incentives to undertake activities such as refurbish existing hotels, start new hotel development projects and establish tourist restaurants and develop tourist  recreational facilities. The new hotel projects already approved has resulted inexceeding the room requirement for the year 2001. The objectives of tourism marketing and promotional activities are: * To consolidate market growth in the priority * Tourist-generating markets of Europe and Asia by servicing the travel trade and by further raising consumer awareness and * To create consumer awareness and the desire to travel to Sri Lanka in the secondary and opportunity tourist markets. The selected priority markets for promotional activities have been identified as: * The primary markets of Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Japan and India; * The secondary markets of Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, Russia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, Republic of Korea, China and South Africa; and * The opportunity markets of Spain, Eastern Europe, the United States of America, Canada and Australia. Each of these markets will have different degrees of emphasis in terms of required marketing activities, Depending on the degree to which Sri Lanka is already an established destination. There is a need for awareness of Sri Lanka to be raised particularly at the consumer level and point-of-sales. The Board is represented through its offices in Frankfurt, Paris, London, Japan, Thailand and India. It is proposed to appoint Marketing Services Agents in Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, the United States and South Africa. There are a number of promotional activities being carried out by Sri Lanka. Servicing of tourist information is a continuing activity which includes distribution of literature to the travel trade and to the consumers and servicing telephone and mail inquiries on a continuing basis. The Board participates in a number of major tourism fairs held annually, along with Air Lanka (the National Carrier) and the Sri Lanka Travel Trade. This is considered an effective means to promote the travel trade as well as to attract consumers. Among the major trade fairs where Sri Lanka participates are: ITB -Berlin, WTM -London, BIT -Milan, BTF -Brussels, TRAVEL -Singapore, JATA -Japan, FITUR -Madrid, HOLIDAY TRAVEL SHOW -Sydney, GIFT -Guangzhou, TOP RESA -Dauvilli, SMTV -Paris, LTE -Hong Kong, SATTE -New Delhi, KOFFA- Seoul and VAKANTIE -Utrecht. Regular presentations on Sri Lanka are made to major tour operators and travel agents in the form of seminars and workshops to educate  and inform them a bout tourism in Sri Lanka and to induce them to sell Sri Lanka by offering tour programs. With the help of the national carrier (Air Lanka) and other airlines, educational and familiarization tours to Sri Lanka are organized as a continuing activity to enable trade and media personnel to obtain first-hand knowledge and experience of Sri Lanka’s tourism product. These programs are conducted for the travel trade as well as for the travel media. Travel journalists, writers, television, broadcasting and film producers will be given high priority in order to obtain maximum publicity for Sri Lanka’s tourism in the key media in major tourist generating markets. Special promotions in the form of cultural and food festivals, Sri Lanka Evenings, etc., are undertaken in the major generating markets, in association with Air Lanka and the travel trade. New trends in tourism marketing policies and strategies in Sri Lanka On the basis of research undertaken by the Ceylon Tourist Board and the World Tourism Organization (WTO), it has been revealed that there is a tremendous potential in developing tourist markets in the Asian region. This has resulted in a change of the tourism marketing policy to consider Asia as a major generating market for Sri Lanka, in addition to Europe. To pursue the change in marketing policy, the Ceylon Tourist Board has developed an Asian Marketing Strategy for Sri Lanka with the assistance of WTO and UNDP. Several markets in the Asian region have been identified with three priority groupings. The first priority is Japan and India. Between them, it is estimated that by 2004 they will be producing over half of all the Asian visitors to Sri Lanka. The second priority is the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan province of China and Thailand. Travel from these markets to Sri Lanka can grow strongly but on a lower scale. The third priority is China and Hong Kong. The ma rketing programme of the Asian Marketing Strategy has been divided into two phases. Phase 1 is the period until the end of hostilities in Sri Lanka. It is assumed that this will be in December 1997. Phase 2 is a peacetime marketing program that will be introduced by a marketing campaign. It has been shown that the prevailing situation of tourism in Sri Lanka is partly due to the security situation and partly due to misconceptions and disinformation about the image of Sri  Lanka. The negative image of Sri Lanka is due to the wide publicity given by the international media about the civil disturbances and acts of violence. In order to counter the misconception, the Sri Lanka Government will launch an Image Restoration Campaign on a sustained basis for a minimum period of two years by means of a public relations and communication campaign supplemented, where necessary, with limited advertising in the key international markets, by using the services of a professional public relations firm with an international network. The current trend in international travel is for tourists to be attracted not so much to a destination, but to spe cific tourist products. The Ceylon Tourist Board has identified this significant development and is planning to develop specific tourist products to which international travelers could be attracted. Conclusion Given its natural advantages, the tourism sector is viewed as one of the most important engines of growth and development in the Sri Lankan economy and as such, is a key focus in the Government’s industrial strategy. Tourism main supporting sectors account for more than 8.0 per cent of GDP. In relation to employment, agriculture transport, storage & communication, construction, and distribution are the primary beneficiaries from a dollar spent within the tourism industry. Further, these sectors account for over 7.0 per cent of the employed labor force. However, the descriptive analysis points to the continued low and declining impact of the industry on the overall economy in particular in the context of other countries like Thailand, Malaysia and Kenya. However the investment shares for tourism sector being high the unstable political situation could be the closest reason for this less performance in the case of comparison. With the end of war, the expected boom in the industry over the years to come will have a noticeable impact. The second empirical modal shows a strong relationship between the political stability and macroeconomic performance in particular with reference to the tourism sector. It is highly recommended to maintain a stable political situation of the country in order for industries like tourism to flourish. This essay has, in the main, addressed two of the important elements of an economic significance of the tourism industry. Further work to be undertaken includes the computation and comparison of  cyclical movements of tourism sector performance in response to the global economic and political changes.

Bringing Home Adam Book Critique

Tool would not be formally declared responsible until some twenty seven years later. There are four main points that will be critiqued in this paper. The complications faced by Detective Matthews in working with the Hollywood police Department in trying to solve the case. The lack of technology and experience of the Hollywood Police Department concerning the collection of evidence and witness statements. The interagency involvement in finding missing children. The efforts and resources that came about as a result of the Adam Walsh abduction and murder. AnalysisDetective Matthews was a polygraph expert with the Miami Beach Police Department. He was asked to assist the Hollywood Police Department with the Adam Walsh case. Throughout the book, the author explains the trials and tribulations that Detective Matthews faced in trying to help the Hollywood Police Department solve the case. Detective Matthews was seen as an outsider from the beginning. He was met with hostility each time he t ried to do his job. This was most notably highlighted in the case of Jimmy Campbell. Jimmy Campbell was a family friend and was Adam Walsh's Godfather.Detective Matthews conducted a polygraph interview of Jimmy Campbell and he was subsequently determined to not have been involved in the abduction and murder of Adam. Though, when Detective Matthews explained who Mr.. Campbell was in relation to the Walsh Family, the lead detective in the case, Detective Jack Hoffman, automatically determined that Mr.. Campbell was the guilty party. It was not long before Detective Matthews was taken off the case. Detective Hoffman explained to Detective Matthews that the case was winding down and that his services would no longer be needed. Stanford & Matthews, 2011, p. 6). From the beginning, Detective Hoffman was fixated on Mr.. Campbell, ignoring Detective Matthews' expertise. Even after having been told that the polygraph indicated no deception in Mr.. Campbell interview, Detective Hoffman based his acquisitions off of subjectivity. Based off of the fact that Mr.. Campbell lived in the Walsh household, had had an affair with Reeve Walsh, and had been asked to leave the residence, Detective Hoffman assumed that Mr.. Campbell had committed the crime.Several years later, Detective Matthews would be asked by Hollywood PDP Chief Witt to assist with the case. Detective Matthews anally had the chance to interview Otis Tool but was abruptly removed from case by Chief Witt. It is not exactly clear though, why Detective Matthews received such opposition. The author suggests that it was possible that the Hollywood PDP wanted credit for getting Tool's confession. It could be possible that by this time, the Hollywood Police Department was trying to do damage control and had known that they let the ball drop in moving forward with handling Tool's confession.It would be some twenty seven years later when Detective Matthews would be able to complete his investigation, have access to the ev idence collected during the investigation, and have access to witnesses, before the Holly. Wood PDP would name Otis Tool as having been responsible for the abduction and murder of Adam Walsh. The authors argues that the lack Of technology and experience Of the Hollywood police Department concerning the collection of evidence and witness statements as a main factor in why this case took over twenty seven years to finally close.In the book, Detective Matthews noted the disorientation of the Hollywood Police Department when it came to taken down witness tips and information. While some of the detectives seemed organized, others assigned to the case would answer incoming calls randomly, jot information given by tipsters on scraps of paper or napkins or whatever might be handy, then hurry out on unrelated assignments without bothering to log their calls (Stanford & Matthews, 201 1, p 26). At times it appeared that there was no sort of leadership organization.Even though Detective Hoffman was the lead investigator, he had never handled a high profile case such as this. When Otis Tool was subsequently arrested for having committed a number of there murders, he confessed to Jacksonville Police Department Detective Buddy Terry. Detective Terry contacted Detective Hoffman to advise him of the confession. From the onset, Detective Hoffman accused the Jacksonville PDP detective of feeding information on the Adam Walsh case to Tool. Detective Hoffman subsequently took numerous confessions from Tool but, it was as if he was trying to prove that Tool did not commit the crime.Detective Hoffman Went as far as to have Detective Terry removed from the case, accusing Detective Terry of supplying with the Adam Walsh case file because the two of them planned to write a book for money. In telling the story of the unprofessional between these two detectives it highlighted what appeared to be a common problem within the Hollywood Police Department. The Adam Walsh case was the first hi gh profile case for Detective Hoffman. He was reluctant to work with other agencies in helping solve the case. Evidence of the murder weapon, car, victim's clothing, and even an extortion letter were improperly handled.With Tool's confession, the Florida State Attorneys office needed evidence linking Tool to the crime prior to an arrest warrant being issued. The strength of the evidence police roved to prosecutors is one of the most important factors influencing whether prosecutors file criminal charges. Thus, when police are able to secure tangible evidence and cooperative witnesses for the prosecution, the prosecutor is not only more likely to file charges, but is also more likely to win a conviction. (Number & gradable, 2014, p. 251).The State Attorneys office was never made aware of any evidence surrounding the murder weapon or vehicle. Detective Hoffman went as far as to go on TV to claim that they found discrepancies in Tool's confession. In cases such as this one, it would ea ve been best for Detective Hoffman to have given all the information to the State Attorney's office and let them decide what could or could not have been utilized in the case. The case of Adam Walsh involved several different police agencies. Anytime a question of jurisdiction is involved, it is important for agencies to work together and share information to solve the case.It is not uncommon for the Federal investigators to get involved in child abduction cases. In this particular case, Florida senator Paula Hawkins tried to get the FBI involved in the search for Adam Walsh. The FBI was reluctant to interfere n the case however. If Hollywood PDP was searching for a suspect somewhere out of state then the feds would be more than happy to lend a hand (Stanford & Matthews, 2011, p. 149). In 1 988, FBI Deputy Director Alan Burgess advised that the Adam Walsh case had entered into the new nationwide database known as VICAR, the Violent Crime Apprehension Program.The FBI-VICAR became the national repository for violent crimes, collating data on homicides, sexual assaults, missing persons, and unidentified human remains (Stanford & Matthews, 2011, p. 164). In 1988, the Walsh family received a letter from Tool confessing to the crime and ring to extort money in exchange for the location of Adam Walsh's bones. The letter was given to Detective Hoffman and he filed the letter away citing a lack of physical evidence. Several years later, when the Walsh Family spoke to the Michael Sat at the State Attorneys Office, he advised that he was not aware of the letter.The book demonstrated Detective Hoffmann failure to share information based off what he considered relevant to the case. There also appeared to be do direct oversight from his superior. When John and Reeve Walsh realized that their son had been kidnapped, they used every source they could to find him. While child abduction is frequently sensationalists, exaggerated, and thus misunderstood, the myth of an epidemic does little to alleviate concern at the family level and widespread conventional beliefs about abduction have developed (Miller et al. 2008, p. 524). The Walsh family was thrust into the spotlight and their personal lives were exposed to the world. Allegations of infidelity and mob affiliation became, at one point, more important than solving the case. Despite this, John and Reeve Walsh managed to bring about change in the way information n missing children was shared amongst law enforcement agencies in the US. While the media tends to sensationalist news, John Walsh used this to his advantage.He became the host of America's Most Wanted and used this as an avenue to help other victims of crimes and bring perpetrators to justice. The authors detail just how the Walsh family used their own resources, as well as, outside resources to rally support in an attempt to locate their son. They first utilized search teams and even went as far as producing fliers that were distributed at every major U. S. Airport to passengers (Stanford & Matthews, 201 1, p. 3). They worked tirelessly to aid in not only trying to find their son's killer, but also other missing children in America.From their efforts came the passing of the Missing Children's Act of 1982, the Missing Children's Assistance Act of 1 984, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, and the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act. While the author does not detail the effectiveness of the legislation passed as a result of the Adam Walsh abduction and murder, it's important to note the impact this case had on America. The legislation passed as a result of any type of heinous crime is usually roughs about as a result of public outcry and scrutiny. The Adam Walsh case invoked fear and anger from the community.Naturally the police were expected to solve the crime expeditiously and in a sense, make the streets safe again. According the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, approximately 8 00,000 children are reported missing in the CSS and over 100 of these cases are stereotypical kidnappings. Meaning the child did not know the kidnapper or the kidnapper was an acquaintance. The first three hours are the most critical when trying to locate a missing child (â€Å"Key Facts,† 2014). Otis Tool was intent on kidnapping a small boy in the hopes of raising that child as his own.According to the research by Miller et unfairly abduction is more likely to have a criminal motive such as robbery or, more often sexual assault (p. 529). While Tool confessed to having customized Adam, there was no direct evidence to prove this. This study by Miller et al. , showed the difficulty in preventing unfairly abductions vs. family or acquaintance abductions. There have been studies regarding whether child abduction laws are effective in actually preventing crime or simply giving a ales sense of security. In a study conducted by Freeman and Candler (2009), the Adam Walsh Act (AWAY) was examined.The AWAY required states to standardize their registration and community notification practices by categorizing sex offenders into three-tier levels in the interest of increasing public safety (p. 31). The study examined whether or not the AWAY, as well as, other similar acts actually increased public safety. The results indicated that the AWAY failed to â€Å"increase the effectiveness of current registration and community notification practices. In fact, as indicated by the results of the rent study, the system actually decreases the ability of states to predict which sex offenders will sexually roofed and which ones will not† (p. 5). The legislation passed as a result of the Adam Walsh case was meant to create organization amongst the law enforcement agencies. Although it is natural for the media to sensationalist stories such as this, the main purpose was to at least create an avenue for law enforcement to share information with each other. The author detaile d the numerous times when information should have been shared but was not. The Walsh family had not received word as to what evidence had been collected. Conclusion The book Brining Adam Home sheds light on one families struggle to find their son.The authors shed light on the reluctance of the Hollywood Police Department to work with other agencies to solve this case. The failure of the police to properly document evidence and witness statements caused this case to remain unsolved for longer than it should have. Behold, children are a heritage from the LORD, the fruit of the womb a reward. Children are God's greatest gifts. The impact a child abduction has on a family can be detrimental and can forever impact that family. This case captured national attention and from that came a need to try and become more proactive than reactive when it came to child abductions.

Web-site Front Page and Anwser Questions Assignment - 1

Web-site Front Page and Anwser Questions - Assignment Example As this will be the initial fascination that goes along with the content marketing wearing off, there is a need to invest wisely. This content maturity will eventually bring good results and in the restraint I will be able to reflectively reach the target to the content and services it offers and also help improve the results. On the other hand, I would include another tactic of building the restraint own brand than just building links. A sophisticated brand, usually play a very key role in the business and also the search engine. Building its own brand in the search engine will, however, help build the thought of leadership in the space will be critical steps to all the ranking all the time. Another tactic is the use of the social media such as the twitter, Facebook and others. Goggle for example, works by relying on human signals to vet sites. I intend to use a strong strategy that will make it easier for people to share the restraint content since it works so well and also integrates with the role of the search engine so significantly. Marketing and also Understanding your restaurant’s psychographic and demographic profile is another tactic indispensable in capitalizing on the restaurant prediction. It also assists in deciding what is obtained to keep clients coming back, like rotating menus, live music, or other events. Another tactic beside the front web site page is the creativity. The restaurant production, while increasing in both imagination and eminence includes numerous concepts that are usually based on modern foods. Inventiveness can come also in the form of cafe new design, drinks presentation, new dishes and variations on the tune-up. . The mobile optimization currently is no longer an option. This is because almost many people have the smart phones and it is getting hard for any site without a mobile strategy to rank appropriately.

Nervous system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nervous system - Research Paper Example Facial nerve paralysis is in turn more common with Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesion than Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) lesion. Forehead muscles can be tests by asking the patient to raise her eyebrows in order to determine if UMN or LMN disease is the real cause behind face drop. If the furrows of the forehead are asymmetrical, it is a LMN disease like Bell’s palsy. If otherwise, it is UMN disease like pseudobulbar palsy. The patient in the case study is most probably suffering from Bell’s palsy because that is more often the cause of â€Å"muscle weakness on one side of the face† (El-Bab, 2011, p. 2134). Assigning this patient to a novice or proficient nurse depends on physical condition of the patient. If there are no extreme symptoms like blindness, seizures, or severe headache, if facial drooping started suddenly, and if there is no wrinkling on forehead, the patient has no stroke and is suffering from Bell’s palsy. In that case, treatment with steroids should immediately begin which can be handled by a novice nurse as well. El-Bab, M.F., Makhdoom, N., Al-Harbi, K.M., Baghdadi, H.H., & Alam, A. (2011). Facial Nerve Palsy Incidence, Clinical Feature, and Prognosis in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 1(11),

Individual Reflection paper- Group dynamic Essay

Individual Reflection paper- Group dynamic - Essay Example I have previously worked with different people and therefore learnt that in group there will always be members who are great leaders and others who just greatly contribute to the group’s success. There are also the careless types who do not care at all and are comfortable with just any grade for as long as it is a pass. I therefore understand what it takes for one be a great group leader. Our Group Dynamics team lacked the kind of person who can measure to the standards of a group leader. Nevertheless, have a strong conviction that our group could have been strong even with no strong leadership but it appeared like some of the members only wanted to achieve a passing grade. Registering high scores was not there business for as long as they could proceed to the next level and therefore they put minimal efforts towards the success of the group. The group I worked with this semester had many similarities with other groups on real job sites. It is particularly very had in some instances to bring together different in a group and have them work coherently. In my opinion this explains the high turnover rates that many companies have to struggle with. Corporations have no time and resources to allow employees long periods to learn one another and work as a team; changes are made almost as immediate as it is discovered that there is not fit. On the other hand class work is an opportunity for all to learn and there every member it required to participate and learn as much as possible as to as to become efficient. Conflicts will always arise in groups but quick amicable solutions ensure that the group remains on course; challenges were there in my group just like any other. In my opinion this was a very exciting learning experience as the professor assigned us to groups randomly and this allowed us to learn together with classmates we have not related before. it was almost

Review of an Academic Research Paper Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Of an Academic Research Paper - Literature review Example Abstract: The purpose of an abstract is to provide the audience with a clear idea of the contents of the paper, where the authors describe the purpose of the paper, the research methodology used and a brief discussion of the findings, discussions and recommendations, if any. In this context, the article under review clearly brings out the fact that many previous studies on educational validity of gaming simulations â€Å"have been inconclusive† (Stainton et al, 2010, p.705). Thus, the authors inform the audience that their study has considered this aspect and it will â€Å"provide a foundation for future educational validity studies† (p.705). The abstract in this case, therefore, serves its intended purpose as per academic conventions. Introduction: Though the authors do not segregate and assign a separate section for introduction, they introduce the topic in the beginning stating that the study â€Å"proposes a methodology framework for assessing the educational valid ity of business gaming solution† (p.705). The authors further identify â€Å"total enterprise simulation† (TES) as a â€Å"credible learning tool† that can justify the time and cost invested by the students (p.705-706). Thus, the readers, right from the outset of the paper are able to understand the contents and take a decision whether to read the complete article or not, which is the purpose of the introduction in a paper. Theoretical Framework: The authors concede to the fact that â€Å"simulations are not an accurate representation of the real world† and identify this problem as the reason for their validity (p.707). Further, they also contend that the â€Å"knowledge and biases of the designer† also â€Å"distort† the learning potential of the simulations, which contributes to the difficulty and complexity in achieving the learning objectives (p.707). Their current study is based on these premises and the research attempts to find alterna tives to address these issues. The authors further argue that learners require sufficient time to â€Å"reflect on engaging experiences† coupled with motivation and feedback so as to ingest the learning effectively (p.709). Thus, they attempt to design a research methodology framework for addressing the problems in the â€Å"design, implementation, and implementation† of gaming simulations, through their study (p.709). They also feel there is an absence of a definite process for the design, implementation and validation of a TES and, therefore, they propose the need for the formulation of certain â€Å"theoretical propositions† and list them in the theoretical framework of the paper (p.710). By clearly bringing out the problems associated with the process of validating the gaming solutions in learning and identifying the specific theoretical frameworks to address these issues, the authors have clearly spelled out their objectives in the paper. Thus, from an acad emic perspective, the article provides the readers with all necessary information required by them to understand the theoretical framework on the paper. Research Design and Instruments: The authors propose a â€Å"multi-case study research design† that addresses the validity and reliability issues for the purpose of their study (p.711). In this context, it can be understood that case studies are effective tools for evaluating the

Efficiency of Clustering algorithms for mining large biological data Research Paper

Efficiency of Clustering algorithms for mining large biological data bases - Research Paper Example They are categorized into portioning, hierarchical and graph-based techniques. The most widely used of the three algorithms are the graph-based technique, and the hierarchical technique. However, the partitioning techniques are used in other disciplines; it is less used in gene sequence clustering and as such, there is no substantial theory of whether the partitioning methods are efficient. This study analyzes four clustering mining algorithms using four large protein sequence data sets. The analysis highlights the weakness and shortcomings of the four and proposes a new algorithm based on the shortcomings of the four algorithms. Introduction Today, protein sequences are more than one million (Sasson et al., 2002) and as such, there is need in bioinformatics for identifying meaningful patterns for the purposes of understanding their functions. For a long time, protein and gene sequences have been analyzed, compared and grouped using alignment methods. According to Cai et al. (2000), alignment methods are algorithms constructed to arrange, RNA, DNA, and protein sequences to detect similarities that may be as a result of evolutionary, functional or structural sequence relationships. Mount (2002) asserts that comparing and clustering sequences is done using pair-wise alignment method, which are of two types, global and local. Consequently, local alignment algorithm proposed by Waterman and Smith (Bolten et al., 2001) is utilized in identifying amino acid patterns that have been conserved in protein sequences. The global alignment algorithm proposed by Wunsh and Needleman (Bolten et al., 2001) is used to try and align many characters of the entire sequence. It is clear from the above that; the pair-wise alignment method is expensive when it comes to comparing and clustering a large protein data set. This is because there are very many comparisons performed during computation, since every single protein in a data set is compared to all the proteins in the data set ( Bolten et al., 2001). This brings into question the efficiency of the pair-wise alignment methods in comparing and clustering of large protein data sets. The pair-wise alignment method, both local and global, do not put into consideration the size of the data set, especially too large data sets that may overwhelm the computer memory. Han & Kamber (2000) argues that, unsupervised learning is aimed at identifying from a data set, a sensible partition or a natural pattern with the help of a distance function. Biology and life science fields have extensively exploited clustering techniques in sequence analysis to classify similar sequences into either protein or gen families (Galperin & Koonin, 2001). Currently, protein sequences can be classified in similar patterns using various, readily available sequencing and clustering methods. As had earlier been mentioned, these methods can be grouped as graph-based, partitioning and hierarchical methods. These methods, especially graph-based an d hierarchical methods, have been used consecutively or together to complement each other as argued by Sasson et al. (2002), Sperisen & Pagni (2005), Essoussi & Fayech (2007) and Enright & Ouzounis (2000). In the field of protein comparison and sequence clustering, there are very few instances in which partitioning techniques have been used. For instance, Guralnik & Karypis (2001) proposed an algorithm or sequencing method-on the

Analytical report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analytical report - Essay Example Through Total Quality Management, employee teams are empowered and trained in such away to make sound decisions that can aid the organization in achieving high quality standards in their services and products. This technique also encourages a shift of responsibilities of controlling quality of services and products to all the employees from the specialized departments. Hence, Total Quality Management is a shift from the organizational bureaucratic approach to a decentralized approach to quality control. This paper therefore seeks to evaluate Total Quality Management in action and outline how Spencer Company has introduced and developed a holistic system of Total Quality Management. The paper will also document the origin and development of Total Quality Management. It will also show how Spencer Company uses techniques of Total Quality Management in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of their business outcome. Finally, the paper will discuss various principles and approaches o f implementing Total Quality Management system and improving customer care implementation as well as the contribution they make in accomplishing the company goals and objectives (Bemowski, 2007). As a large scale company, Spencer improves customer care implementation through implementing the principles of Total Quality Management as follows: the company produces quality products and services the first time they are produced or offered; Spencer puts much emphasis and focus on the customer; the company encourages teamwork and mutual respect among its employees and customers; it continually improves the quality of its products and services; and the company has a strategic approach and mechanism of quality improvement. Spencer Company uses Total Quality Management in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of their business outcome, this is done through ensuring that Total Quality Management is supported at all the

Toyota Brake Problem Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Toyota Brake Problem Analysis - Research Paper Example They are the leading automobile manufacturer in the world for the last few decades. Even in America, Toyota cars are selling more than what the local automobile manufacturers were able to sell. Quality and reliability are the major features of Toyota vehicles. Competitors are struggling to compete with Toyota because of the superior quality, excellent supply chain, and very good after sales support, offered to the consumers by Toyota. It is difficult to compete with Toyota individually and therefore competitors are forming regional blocs to compete with Toyota. For example, â€Å"DaimlerChrysler and BMW accepted GM's invitation to cooperate in joint development of hybrid technology, in part to gang up on Toyota†2. In short, the competitors were struggling to compete with Toyota till recent times. However, Toyota suffered some major setbacks in recent times and forced to recall some of its cars because of technical problems like brake problems accelerator pedal problems etc. Th is paper briefly analyses the impacts of such problems caused to Toyota at present and in future. Some owners of the 2010 Prius have reported their brakes do not always engage immediately when they press the brake pedal, or that the brakes have an inconsistent feel. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said it would assess the scope of the problem and the safety risk to about 37,000 cars that could be affected3 Brake problems and accelerator pedal problems were the major technical problems which caused Toyota to recall millions of vehicles from America, Europe and Asia for repairing and replacing. The Prius, a hybrid-powered (gas and electric) sedan introduced in American market as the most environmental friendly car by Toyota, suffered major brake problems which forced Toyota to recall around 37000 cars from American market alone. This vehicle was manufactured strictly in accordance with the demands of President Obama. Obama earlier declared cash for clunker program f or replacing old cars from American roads and to encourage Americans to use more environmental friendly and fuel efficient cars. Many of the Americans utilized the cash incentives offered by Obama to replace their old cars and they purchased Prius because of the claims put forward by Toyota. However, the brake problems of Prius affected the images of Toyota as a trusted brand in America. Toyota Motor Corp extended its safety recall of millions of its most popular cars to Europe and China in a further blow to the reputation of the world's largest auto maker. The scale of the fix for potentially dangerous accelerator pedals emboldened rivals and could land the Japanese carmaker with hundreds of millions of dollars in extra costs per month. Toyota, a byword for quality and reliability, said it had not yet determined how many vehicles in Europe would be recalled, or when, but media and analysts believe 2 million may be affected on top of some 6 million in North America. In China, the wo rld's biggest auto market in 2009, the carmaker said on Thursday it had submitted an application to recall over 75,000 RAV4 vehicles4 It is estimated that around 8 million Toyota were so far recalled from the global market because of accelerator and brake problems. Toyota engineers are working day and night to rectify the problems and to regain the lost confidence of the public. Nobody has any doubt about the abilities of Toyota in bouncing back from this crisis; however, it is

International Tourism Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Tourism Development - Essay Example Advancing tourism activities for the Silk Road Countries United Nations World Tourism Organization took some initiatives for advancement of the tourism activities for each and every Silk Road Country. There are 24 global countries that participated in this particular tourism project in order to accomplish the task quite successfully (ADB, 2013, p.1). It is highly important for the organization to consider effective and sustainable tourism activities in the Silk Road countries in order to achieve the objective of the project. According to the process and objectives of this project, each and every associated country needs to work towards a Single Visa of Silk Road. The United Nations World Tourism Organization is trying to bring several countries of the ancient Silk Route to ensure development and growth through sustainable tourism activities. According to Maslow’s theory of development there are 5 stages of basic needs which have been described in the diagram below: It is clear from the above diagram the 5 stages of development are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and self-actualization. Sustainable tourism can play a major role in upgrading the status of the people along the hierarchy. Tourism will stimulate demand and people will shift upwards along the hierarchy model. The people at the grass root are at the physiological part of the hierarchy diagram. Effective implementation of the tourism policies will shift these people up along the hierarchy model and will enhance their development in terms of wealth creation and social recognition. There are different types of tourism, such as food tourism, cultural... This essay stresses that it is true that global tourism industry is one of the major growth drivers of the global economy. Several leading organizations within the industry are trying to implement sustainable business operation strategies in the business processes in order to achieve significant social and cultural growth. It has been discussed earlier that the objective of this project is to encourage and stimulate the quality tourism development through healthy competitiveness between different Silk Road cities. United Nations World Tourism Organization took some initiatives for advancement of the tourism activities for each and every Silk Road Country. This paper makes a conclusion that Silk Road Programme is one of the important and popular sustainable tourism project initiated by The United Nations World Tourism Organization. The organization always tries to develop and implement unique business operation strategies to maintain effective growth rate of the industry. It is true that the tourism industry is known as one of the most important economic growth drivers. In addition to this, several other factors motivating people to visit several popular countries around the globe. People around the globe used to visit this country in order to experience the taste of delicious food items. The organization is trying to build a sustainable network through the Silk Road Countries in order to make the places more attractive and healthy among the global people.

Sigmund Freud Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud Essay Sigmund Freud was an Austrian physician, neurologist, and founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of human personality. Through his skill as a scientist, physician and writer, he combined ideas prevalent at the time with his own observation and study to produce a major theory of psychology (Encarta, â€Å"Sigmund Freud†). Sigmund Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression. He is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life which is directed toward a wide variety of objects; as well as his therapeutic techniques, including his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship and the presumed value of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. II. Psychoanalysis Freuds account of the sexual genesis and nature of neuroses led him naturally to develop a clinical treatment for treating such disorders. This has become so influential today that when people speak of psychoanalysis they frequently refer exclusively to the clinical treatment; however, the term properly designates both the clinical treatment and the theory which underlies it. The aim of the method may be stated simply in general terms to re-establish a harmonious relationship between the three elements which constitute the mind by excavating and resolving unconscious repressed conflicts (http://www. iep. utm. edu/f/freud. htm). a. The Id, Superego, and Ego The mind is broken down into three divisions: the Id, Ego, and Superego. The Id is the component of the personality that is completely unconscious and contains all the instincts. The Id is what Freud referred to as the basic animalistic drive that a person is born with. It satisfies the wants of hunger, thirst, elimination, sex and reproduction (libido). Freud referred to the libido as the psychic energy associated with the sexual instinct. He later expanded the concept to include the energy associated with all the life instincts. The Superego is the moral component of the personality. It likes to feel in control. This is what predicts the consequences of the actions you are thinking about making. The Superego develops its morals through socialization. The Ego is the mediator between the Id and Superego. It allows the Id to experience enough pleasure so it doesn’t become anxious and also so that the Superego won’t give the Id too hard of a guilt trip. Adolescents who have weak ego strength tend to have behavioral problems. b. The Conscious, Subconscious, and Unconscious The conscious is the part of your mind that is what you are currently thinking. This is how you are able to see the professor and associate him with his voice. The subconscious is the level where information is stored that you don’t use all the time. Information at this level can be retrieved easily though. The unconscious is where dramatic information is stored so that a person will not remember it. It is constantly pushing this information out of the unconscious level into the conscious level. c. Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms are the rational approaches of the ego to reduce or remove anxiety. All of the following mechanisms have two things in common. The first common thing is that all of the ego-defense mechanisms are all unconscious and the person is unaware that they are doing this. The second is that they falsify or distort reality. i. Repression Repression is the mechanism by which the ego prevents anxiety-provoking thoughts from being entertained on the conscious level. For Freud, the mechanism of repression was of vital importance because repressed thoughts do not stop having an influence on our personality, but they are simply not readily available in the consciousness. The recognition of the wider needs and scientific issues which his empirical study of mens unconscious motives brought to light, together with the increasing realization of the therapeutic difficulties involved in many of his cases, doubtless augmented Freuds determination to search out to the utmost every indication of repressed sexuality, . and this brought him much criticism, which was only relatively sound (Putnam, 153). ii. Displacement Displacement is the substitution of one need satisfier for another. For example, the ego may substitute an available object for one that is not available, or it may substitute a non anxiety-provoking object or activity for one that does cause anxiety. With displacement, what a person truly desires is repressed and is replaced with something safer. iii. Identification Identification can be used to describe the tendency to increase personal feelings of worth by affiliating oneself with psychologically with a person, group, or institution perceived as illustrious. iv. Denial of Reality Denial of Reality is the mechanism that involves the denial of some fact in one’s life despite abundant evidence for its reality. A person using this mechanism is not in touch with at least some part of reality and this could impair normal functioning. An example would include the refusal to believe a loved one has died due to their negative attributes. v. Projection Projection is the mechanism by which something that is true of the person and would cause anxiety if it were recognized is repressed and projection onto someone or something else instead. It is the repressing anxiety-provoking truths about oneself and seeing them in others instead. This is most commonly seen. There are some people who will refuse to blame themselves for their failures; instead they put the blame on someone or something else. vi. Undoing Undoing is when a person commits an unacceptable act, or thinks about doing so, and then engages in ritualistic activities designed to atone for or undo the unacceptable act or thought. An example of this can even be read in the Bible, when Pontius Pilate â€Å"washes his hands clean† after condemning Jesus to be crucified, knowing full well he was innocent. vii. Reaction Formation Reaction formation is the inhibition of an anxiety-provoking thought by exaggerating its opposite. People who tend to display reaction formation are more intense and extravagant in their emotions. viii. Rationalization Rationalization is the mechanism when a person gives a rational, logical, however incorrect, excuse for behavior or thoughts that otherwise would cause anxiety. ix. Intellectualization Intellectualization is the defense mechanism that minimizes the negative emotions that are associated with an event by detached, logical analysis of the event. x. Regression Regression is the mechanism of returning to an earlier stage of development when stress is encountered. This is most commonly seen when a person is fixated in one of the earlier stages of psychosexual development, which will be discussed later in this paper. xi. Altruistic surrender Altruistic surrender is a defense mechanism postulated by Anna Freud by which a person internalizes the values of another person and lives his or her life in accordance with those values. xii. Identification with the aggressor Identification with the aggressor was another mechanism postulated by Anna Freud by which the fear caused by a person is reduced or eliminated by internalizing the feared person’s values and mannerisms. III. Psychosexual Theory Freud believed every child goes through a sequence of developmental stages, and the child’s experiences during these stages determine adult personality characteristics. In fact, Freud believed that for all practical purposes, the adult personality is formed by the end of the fifth year of life (Hergenhahn, 40). The psychosexual theory, Freud believed, is made up of five main parts: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital. During each of these five stages, a person is said to have a specific erogenous area, which is the body part that is the source of pleasure. If a child is either over gratified or under gratified during the stage they are in, they then develop a certain fixation. A fixation is identified as the point to which an adult regresses under stress. A fixation is more likely to occur during the first three stages. It is the libido which undergoes a process of historical development in each human from infancy through adolescence to adulthood in a series of â€Å"plateaus† which Freud called Psychosexual Stages of Development. But just what happens to the libido as it passes through the various stages of psychosexual development led Freud to a more generalized theory of the Neuroses, and to his first clear-cut affirmation of the philosophy of Dualism (Pasotti, 46). a. Oral The oral stage was said to occur between birth and around twelve to eighteen months. The erogenous area during this stage is the mouth. At this point, the infant is pure id that just has two simple fears: falling and abandonment. They are dependent on other people to fulfill their pleasure. This first stage can be broken down into two stages: Oral Incorporative and Oral Sadistic. The Oral Incorporative stage occurs during the first six months of life. The Id experiences pleasure by sucking, tasting, swallowing, and getting a full stomach. It is crucial that the child experiences enough pleasure without becoming frustrated. If the child gets anxiety without getting pleasure, it will then fixate here since it has not received enough pleasure. This can be witnessed in adults who are smokers and those who are in constant need of liquids. The Oral Sadistic stage occurs during the last five to six months of the oral stage. The Id now experiences its pleasure through chewing. It also doesn’t like to experience pain. This is why infants like teething rings, so that they can bite down on them to decrease the pain they are feeling. It also gets pleasure at gnawing on whatever it can. Those who are fixated here are often seen chewing on either pen caps, toothpicks, and their nails. b. Anal The anal stage was said to occur between twelve to eighteen months until three years. It experiences pleasure through the urge and feeling of needing to go to the bathroom. For them it is as near to feeling back in the womb as anything else. During this stage is when a person has their first encounter with the Superego. This occurs when the parents say that you are no longer allowed to go to the bathroom in your diapers. Some parents tend to get potty training done quickly and too early. These parents usually ridicule their child if they are unable to get it right and are often too rigid. Other parents can also be really relaxed when it comes to training their children and it occurs too late and with little control. There are two possible outcomes if a child becomes fixated during the anal stage of development. The anal-retentive personality is the fixation of the children whose parents were too strict during their potty training. These people have the constant need for control; they must have everything under control, organized, in order, and pay excessive attention to detail. The opposite fixation results in an anal-expulsive personality, as a result of their parents being too relaxed with their potty training. These people have a lack of self control, and usually tend to be messy and careless. A good example of these opposites can be seen when you watch the television show The Odd Couple. Felix would be the example of the anal-retentive personality, while Oscar is the example of a person who has an anal-expulsive personality. c. Phallic The phallic stage occurs between three to either five or six years of age. The pleasure during this stage is an emotional sexual reaction, which occurs through the attachment to the parent of the opposite sex. For boys during this stage it is referred to as the Oedipal stage. For girls during this stage it is referred to as the Electra complex. During the Oedipal stage, the boys show sexual emotional attachment with their mothers that result in them to become resistant to their fathers. During the Electra complex, girls show sexual emotional attachment toward their fathers that result in them to feel resentment towards their mothers, who are accused of robbing them of their time with their fathers. Freud thought this to be a natural process. This lays the foundation for how they will function with the opposite sex down the road. Fixation occurs when the boys feel that they are not close enough to the mother, which cause trouble with women later. If the mother had avoided him he will feel that all women will avoid him. However, if the mother is too attached the boy will feel that no other woman can compare to her. Fixation in girls occurs when they are not close enough to the father, resulting in trouble trusting men later if her father avoided her. If the father is too close, however, the girl will marry someone who is like her father, but doesn’t compare to him. Boys suffer a castration anxiety, where the son believes his father knows about his desire for his mother and hence fears his father will castrate him. He thus represses his desire and defensively identifies with his father. Girls suffer a penis envy, where the daughter is initially attached to her mother, but then a shift of attachment occurs when she realizes she lacks a penis. She desires her father whom she sees as a means to obtain a penis substitute (a child). She then represses her desire for her father and incorporates the values of her mother and accepts her inherent inferiority in society. (http://changingminds. org/explanations/learning/freud_stage. htm) d. Latency This stage occurs between the ages of six and twelve years of age. During this stage sexual feelings are repressed and are substituted with other activities. This is the time where the boys become close friends with their fathers and when the girls become closer with their mothers. During this stage, Freud said, is when they are learning how they should act when they become an adult. e. Genital This stage begins at puberty, around the age of twelve, and continues throughout the rest of life. Around the age of twelve the reproductive organs will finish developing. The child grows out of their selfish, pleasure-seeking needs and becomes a realistic adult that is a part of society. IV. Dream Analysis Dream analysis, which Freud talked about in his book The Interpretation of Dreams, is what most people believe to be his most important contribution. According to him, a dream is caused when the events of the day activate unacceptable impulses in the unconscious mind, causing them to seek conscious expression. The two most important types of dream work are condensation and displacement. Condensation occurs when a dream element represents several ideas at the same time, for example one person in a dream can represent multiple people in the dreamer’s waking life. Displacement occurs when an unacceptable dream-thought is replaced by a thought that is symbolically equivalent but is considered more acceptable. By general consensus â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams† was Freud’s major work, the one by which his name will probably be longest remembered. Freuds own opinion would seem to have agreed with this judgment. As he wrote in his preface to the third English edition, Insight such as this falls to ones lot but once in a lifetime. It was a perfect example of serendipity, for the discovery of what dreams mean was made quite incidentallyone might almost say accidentallywhen Freud was engaged in exploring the meaning of the psychoneuroses (Jones, 350) V. Conclusion Today, Freud’s method is only one among many types of psychotherapy used in psychiatry. Many objections have been leveled against traditional psychoanalysis, both for its methodological rigidity and for its lack of theoretical rigor. A number of modern psychologists have pointed out that traditional psychoanalysis relies too much on ambiguities for its data, such as dreams and free associations. Without empirical evidence, Freudian theories often seem weak, and ultimately fail to initiate standards for treatment (Columbia Encyclopedia, â€Å"Psychoanalysis†). VI. Works cited Books †¢ Hergenhahn, B. R, An Introduction to Theories of Personality, Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle Ridge, New Jersey: Prentice Hall 2007. †¢ Jones, Ernest, â€Å"The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud: The Formative Years and the Great Discoveries,† 1856-1900 Vol. 1. 1953. †¢ Pasotti, Robert N, The Major Works of Sigmund Freud: A Critical Commentary. New York, New York: Monarch Press 1974. Journals/Magazines †¢ Putnam, James J, â€Å"The theories of Freud, Jung and Adler: 1. The work of Sigmund Freud,† Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 12, Issue 3. August 1917, pp. 145-160 †¢ Renterghem, A. W. Van, â€Å"Freud and his school: New paths of psychology,† Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 9, Issue: 6, February 1915. pp. 369-384 Encyclopedias †¢ Encarta, â€Å"Sigmund Freud,† 2007. †¢ The Columbia Encyclopedia, â€Å"Psychoanalysis,† 2007. Internet †¢ http://changingminds. org/explanations/learning/freud_stage. htm †¢ http://www. iep. utm. edu/f/freud. htm

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay Example for Free

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay With the exception of reflexes, the science of psychology portends that all human behavior is motivated. The subject is exhaustively dealt with by different schools of thought and each of which appears to be valid explanations of human behavior. Dr. Abraham Maslow (Halonen Santrock, 1996) made a strenuous effort to arrange human motives in a hierarchy from stronger and lower at one end to weaker and higher at the other. Maslow essentially suggested that what man really wants is more of everything. Man desires a better and better situation for himself. He wants only what he does not already have, and thus satisfied needs do not motivate behavior. Maslow said that needs or wants can be arranged in a hierarchy of importance. Thus, when needs on the lower level are fulfilled, those on a higher level emerge and demand satisfaction. The hierarchy of needs he suggested placed physiological needs as lowest or basic, then safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and finally self-realization needs. In other words, Maslow believed that higher needs are expressed only when the prepotent physiological needs are satisfied. See more:Â  Perseverance essay This is also true of needs for safety and security. Until there is a basic amount of order and stability in meeting the lower needs, a person may have little interest in higher pursuits (Halonen Santrock, 1996). A person with an empty stomach cannot be expected to write literary work or tasked to write an essay about the effects of war on Afghanistan. The paper attempts to scrutinize the validity of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory based on several criteria which shall be discussed as follows. Discussion Maslow’s theory is classified under the humanistic perspective as it emphasizes the direction towards an individual must proceed which is self-actualization. This point in his hierarchy, Maslow tried to explain in much detail. According to him, self-actualization when attained, demonstrates what it is to be a fully developed human being. It is described as elusive due to the fact that man must have to satisfy the lower needs or those needs preceding this highest need (Halonen Santrock, 1996). To satisfy further one’s curiosity about this theory, the theory will be determined by the following: Freedom or Determinism: can a person control their own behavior or is it determined by internal or external forces? In Maslow’s viewpoint, human motives are ordered in hierarchy and thus, man responds to these as they arise (Halonen Santrock, 1996). With this premise, the theory is basically leaning toward the philosophical idea of freedom. Man is free to chart his course and how he is supposed to fulfill his various needs; i. e. his physiological dimension. In addition, the manner with which he carves himself in a particular niche that satisfies his psychological domains is also based on his own volition. There is no flavor of unconscious thoughts pervading motivation like when the idea of psychological instincts being interpreted within Maslow’s understanding; in contrast to this notion, any individual can basically control their own behavior. Maslow’s theory believes on the capacities of human nature to achieve what man wants to achieve rather than be held captive by forces within him or in his external world; it is the internal determinants such as self-determination that separates the theory from the rest especially among those with the deterministic stance (Halonen Santrock, 1996). Hereditary or Environmental: are the characteristics a person has inherited and inborn or is it developed by social influences? Since the premise of this theory hinges on freedom, a person’s characteristics therefore are developed by social influences. According to Maslow then, people vary in their manner of satisfying their needs because of various environmental influences that surround him/her. Man is free to choose from several options adequately provide for his own needs or desires. What are essentials though, are man’s tendencies or propensity to follow the order of needs. Biology or heritability is deemphasized, rather the value of experience is pre-eminent in the theory (Halonen Santrock, 1996). Uniqueness or Universality: individuals are unique or people are all pretty much the same This theory eventually emphasizes individuality or uniqueness, as it fundamentally illustrates in its assertion that every one has the capability for breakthroughs in circumstances which may be difficult. Man is also capable to understand himself and others, showing a lot of hope on the potentials that man possesses that he can exhaust in his lifetime (Halonen Santrock, 1996). Proactive or Reactive: individuals act on their own initiative or just in reaction to external stimuli? Since man is free, unique and has the possibilities to accomplish whatever he is set to do, it is also asserted that man is proactive: he can choose how to respond in any situation and may even extend himself to advance his interests, both positive and negative at whatever goal or in whatever circumstance he may be in (Halonen Santrock, 1996). Optimistic or Pessimistic: individuals can change given the right environment or they are unchangeable? The Hierarchy theory by design is hopeful and positive in every essence, if one is to follow the line of thinking which Maslow attempted to direct his audience. Individuals then have all the chances to make their lives fulfilling, impact others on virtues of honesty, charity and generosity, if and when he determines himself to be one. Likewise, he can also influence and negatively affect those that surround him when he chooses to do so. In this perspective then, an individual has high hopes of changing his attitudes and disposition, as well as his physical arrangements in life (Halonen Santrock, 1996). Part II. Evaluation of the theory If this theory is to be evaluated, the strength of Maslow’s assumptions lies in his recognition of the positives that humans possess. It reminds the audience of the person as a whole being and not just an organism subject to either what the psychoanalysts termed as instincts or behaviorists’ position as merely organismic. The emphasis on developing the potentialities mark Maslow’s crowning achievement in terms of theoretical appeal (Halonen Santrock, 1996). However, there are obvious or clear discrepancies or weaknesses in the theory. Since Psychology claims to start and end as a scientific endeavor, thus following scientific procedures to provide proofs to any of its claims, then Maslow’s theory must be ready to be tested accordingly. And this is where his theory fails in almost every measure in essence. At the outset, this viewpoint of explaining behavior is difficult to measure or put to test. Specifically, despite the details and emphasis Maslow placed on self-actualization the concept is still hard to operationally define. Scientists then and now are encountering various dilemmas in making the concept scientifically or empirically acceptable. In addition, there are illogical and inconsistent presuppositions in the constructs he postulated. He adheres to man’s capability to choose and yet how can he justify the existence of the structure of ordering needs in every individual if man is not born with it in the first place. How can he explain as well on those people who have achieved (jumped to the higher order needs) when they are barely existing or are starving at the same time; being altruistic and yet has no means to adequately meet their own needs (Halonen Santrock, 1996). Lastly, studies even show that many who adhere to this philosophical viewpoint shun the scientific procedures imposed on any scientific field or discipline, and choose to lean towards the clinical orientation for the explanation of specific behaviors or motivations. Others who examined this theory explained that the assumptions on human behavior are too high or exaggerating on positives or the freedom and the logical capabilities that humans possess. Maslow’s theory, especially his self-actualization concept, critics affirm, implies the tendency for man to reinforce his self-centeredness (Halonen Santrock, 1996). Conclusion If popularity and appeal are benchmarks for a theory to pass with flying colors, Maslow’s theory probably will go to the top. This is evidenced also as to the current prevalence of his theory in business; it is pervadingly present in almost every discussion in any business management course apparently (Halonen Santrock, 1996). For convenience, I too would readily fall for his theory and its seemingly simplistic way of explaining behaviors. But if I were to stick to following empirical underpinnings, I should say that the theory is not deep enough to satisfy more difficult human dilemmas, though in some instances, the theory seems to point to some aspects of life’s realities. It is not sufficient to compel me to believe in the theory enough. To illustrate, pursuing many of our own self-centered needs only frustrates us all the time and eventually makes many of us disordered and mentally sick along the way. Can I use it to predict human nature? In fairness, yes; but to a certain extent only, because as I mentioned, it is not sufficient enough to merit full dependence. The theory can probably modified to some degree as a picture of several aspects of being human, but to explain about the potentialities, may imply believing too much when all that is in there is just hot air, so to speak. Self-actualization may provide hope for those who are so discouraged in life, but it is still very limited in reality. Some even say that a by-product of this belief is a sense of irresponsibility (Halonen Santrock, 1996). Remarkably, Maslow suggested that various famous personalities illustrate what his theory posited including Beethoven, the brilliant composer, and Lincoln, one of the greatest leaders of all time. Each of them exemplified individuals who had characteristics of the self-actualized person (Halonen Santrock, 1996). Reference: Halonen, Jane and John Santrock (1996). Psychology: Contexts of Behavior. Brown and Benchmark Publishers, pp. 453 and 553-556.

Relationship Between Documentary And Reality Film Studies Essay

Relationship Between Documentary And Reality Film Studies Essay By exploring the relationship between documentary and reality define the genre. (Please note the term reality here does not mean the genre reality television). Documentary has become so scattered and diverse that it is hard to define the genre, Documentary film has often been looked at as that which communicates the real not the imagined, (Pearce McLaughlin 2007, p.47) it tells stories, makes claims or remarks about the real historical world rather than the contrived areas of fiction. The documentary filmmaker gathers, structures and edits the material in a manner that changes it from a simple record of actuality into a form which we can refer to as documentary dialogue. Therefore it is seen as an engaging sort of cinema but its customary techniques to enhance its aim or purpose has led to issues surrounding verisimilitude. I intend to analyse further the relationship between documentary and reality exploring the conventions and modes used to define the genre. Automatically when we view documentaries we feel closer to the truth for two reasons: first that there is a lack of fictionalised features and second because the events shown have not been coordinated by the filmmaker. But this is a naÃÆ' ¯ve approach we have to be aware that the account offered is one that is seen from a particular perspective. A documentary film is one that offers information about factual topics with a variety of aims, to record important events and ideas; to inform viewers; to convey opinions. To achieve these aims a number of common conventions are used including: actuality (occurrences in front of the lens be it events, people or places), voice-over (the filmmaker offering information, explanations and opinions), interviews (witnesses or participants directly relate their experiences), archival footage (show historical events or to add detail without additional filming), reconstructions (false scenes that provide the viewer with factual information and give a sense of realism), montage (visual representation of characters thoughts helping the viewer understand what the character is saying) and the exposition (creates the viewers first impression and introduces the content) these all create a sense of presence. The overall impact of these devices is to heighten the effect of realism for the viewer; making declarations about the real world and offering filmed evidence to support it. In order to explain documentary further Bill Nichols identified six documentary modes That function something like sub-genres of the documentary film genre itself: poetic, expository, participatory, observational, reflexive, performative. (Nichols, 2001, p.99) I will briefly consider these modes each in turn. The poetic mode is a skewed and creative expression; its desire is to grasp the hidden truth through poetic manipulation as seen in Walter Ruttmanns (1927) film Berlin: Symphony of a Great City which presents an extended montage chronicling the daily life of this German city. In the scenes such as the policeman guiding traffic followed by two rows of matching bobble head toys nodding suggests a tone of conformism and ashamed loyalty of the citizens. Expository documentaries on the other hand use rhetorical methods to create realism, this mode has a straight narrative structure with a direct relationship between the images and voice-over where interviews are only used to support the films argument An Inconvenient Truth is an example of expository documentary as it trusts on verbal commentary and challenging judgment to make its case about global warming. This frankness is similar to the observational mode known as Direct Cinema. Here it appears documentary is impassive, having an impa rtial attitude on its subject which can be seen in Richard Pennebackers Dont Look Back (1967). The participatory mode is where the filmmaker does not stay aloof but rather engages with it. Micheal Moores film Roger and Me (1989) displays this trait with a frankly moralistic documentary. The reflexive mode comments on the means of representation itself; it uses techniques that query the notion of documentary as a category or mode. For instance Errol Morris The Thin Blue Line (1988) an account of the breakdown of justice, urges the viewer to think about comparative points of truth and deceit by using reconstruction and repetition of scenes. Finally there is the performative mode which introduces concerns around the filmmaker and subject performance stressing the emotive and shared impact on the audience. In turn each mode uses the means of the narrative and realism in different ways, using conventional elements to create a range of text with ethnical matters, textual structures and ty pical expectations among the viewers. In the documentary genre, it is observed that reality is seemingly evident, wholesome without any manipulation; compared to fiction film however the margins between reality and fiction are indefinite Documentarys selection and ordering of the images and sounds of reality constitute an account of the world; however, it thereby becomes prey to loss of the real in its narratives of reality. (Cowie, 2011, p.1) It is the degree that these events are affected or directed by the filmmaker that causes concern for documentary. In Nanook of the North (1992) Robert Flaherty engrossed himself in the lives of the Inuit people, devoting a year living with them. This implies a participant observation attitude, where the filmmaker notes modestly and forms as impartial a record as possible. However for the purpose of dramatization Flaherty manipulated events, all of Nanook of the North is said to be one gigantic re-enactment (Nichols, 2001, p.13) for instance he filmed Nanook hunting with customary harpoon rather than the more modern weapons that he actually used. Such devices are actually central and perhaps inevitable practices in documentary production but the use of reconstruction has remained controversial raising issues on ethics as to whether a documentary filmmaker should engineer things in order to realising the truth of the subject matter. Documentary footage can only have a claim on the real if it is somehow taken unawares but this is untrue, all documentaries treat their material artistically. The experts in direct cinema alleged that the occurrence of the camera and filmmakers did not impact on their subject matter. Grey Gardens (1975) by the Maysles Brothers is a very famous fly-on-the-wall documentary about Edith Beale and Edie Beale, Jackie Kennedys aunt and cousin; it is a far cry from observational documentary. As the filmmakers constantly relate with these obviously psychologically troubled women which rears important questions about the morals of documentary filmmaking. Sometimes while filming they just want to clarify information, such as a photograph but frequently their contact is more difficult Because the womens hold on reality is so tenuous the Maysles walk a fine line in the film between examination and exploitation, foregrounding an issue that is always inevitably present in direct cinema (Grant Hillier 2009, p.74) Grey Gardens is a film that employs notions of performance and self-representation where both filmmakers and subjects are delighting in their individual presentations. There are different points to which the subjects of a documentary may be seen to be performing for the cameras A person does not present in exactly the same way to a companion on a dateand a filmmaker in an interviewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they modify their behaviour as the situation evolves. (Nichols 2001, p.9) The participation in shared roles has remained vital to the documentary project. Similarly there have been degrees of self-consciousness or acknowledgment by the filmmakers of the role they are performing in the production of a documentary. The fact that documentaries will always be about the real world, real people and real issues, the idea of enactment with them is hypothetically profound and spontaneous as it appears opposed to concepts of truthfulness and undistorted reality. However in Nick Broomfields films Aileen Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer (1992) and Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer (2003) we are time and again drawn to his role as the filmmaker and moderator. At the end of the day his films are much more about him and the process of filming as they are about Aileen this offers a sense of truth, as behind the story is an condemnation of the media and the legal system of America. Consequently Broomfields films focus the role of the documentarist and the wa ys in which the filmmakers contact with the reality they are capturing influences the subsequent film. Documentary has always had an awe inspiring outcome on its audience the relationship between documentary and reality is debateable as most documentaries do integrate particular fictional elements to elevate the visual effect and entertainment value of their film. Though they claim to present the world as it is and try to hold the attention of their audiences by the strength of their argument, documentaries can never accomplish the level of impartiality to which they from time to time desire it can tell the truth but not the entire truth. (Chapman 1988, p.23) Therefore by analysing some of the conceptual and practical issues involved in defining the genre along with its relationship with reality across a variety of documentary modes the genre of documentary will always cause debate regarding its definition. Therefore all we can expect is that it will be a fair and honest representation of someone elses experience of reality.

Helper Client Confidentiality Essay -- Psychology

Informed consent and confidentiality play a very important role in the helping profession. The helper needs to clearly communicate to the client that the information shared with them is confidential, meaning that it is not reused for any other purpose other than to assist the client with what they are there to work on (Hill, p.65). The professional must also communicate the three exceptions in which the information shared is not kept confidential. Those exceptions are: 1) When information regarding child, adult, or elder abuse is revealed. 2) When the client reports information that he or she is in danger of harming oneself or others. 3) When the client has authorized in writing that information from ones file can be released. It is also important to share with the client that a supervisor within the organization may also be made aware of the client’s information as sometimes cases need to be discussed for guidance and to ensure quality of services delivered. Discussing confidentiality with a client provides great benefits for the client/helper relationship. The client should feel informed about the therapeutic process, and providing them with such information at the beginning can help to ease the client’s concerns about what can and cannot be done with their information. The client should feel at ease when the helper informs him or her that their information is strictly confidential except given the circumstance noted above. It is also an opportunity for the client to ask question for clarification and feel empowered from the beginning. It is possible that a client could have some discomfort with the confidentiality and informed consent process and as a result choose not to proceed with therapy. The loss of a client’s p... ...sitive information with his family members and close friends, he cannot approach the counseling process like that. Each client has the right to choose who they wish to confide in, even if he believes that by sharing the information would result in a better quality of life for the client. Without a clear intent of harm to oneself, the therapist should honor the client’s wishes while still trying to provide a therapeutic setting. As time passes, it is possible for the client to change her view of the situation, and perhaps even her course of action after more time is spent gaining insight. Works Cited Hill, C.E. (2009). Helping skills: Facilitating Exploration, Insight, and Action, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Sharf, R.S. (2012). Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling: Concepts and Cases, 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Artificial Sweetener Aspartame is Generally Safe Essay -- essays resea

Artificial sweeteners are a food additive that attempts to duplicate the taste of sugar while using less food energy. Artificial sweeteners can be used for weight loss because they have 4 calories per gram and are 180 to 200 times sweeter than regular sugar so less is used. Some examples of artificial sweeteners include Saccharin, Sucralose, and Aspartame. There is ongoing controversy whether artificial sweeteners are health risks because some studies show that they cause diseases in laboratory rats. The following disscusion will deal with one such artfical sweetener: Asparatame. Aspartame, under the trade name of NutraSweet, is a white, odorless, crystalline powder, which is synthesized from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. They are two naturally occurring and essential amino acids. Aspartame was first discovered in 1969 by a researcher, Mr. James Schlatter, at G.D. Searle & Company. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Aspartame in 1981 for use in tabletop sweeteners and various foods and dry beverage mixes. In 1983, Aspartame was approved for use in carbonated beverages and since then, has been approved for use in any foods and drinks. Aspartame has many benefits. It has a very similar taste to sugar but, unlike sugar, it does not promote tooth decay. Aspartame does not contain many calories so it can help people manage their weight. As well, Aspartame doesn’t require insulin to metabolize therefore it is useful for patients with diabetes. They can have the benefit of a sweet taste, without elevating their blood sugar. But, as the saying goes: with the sweetness of honey, may come the sting of a bee. The safety of Aspartame has come into question. The reason why some believe that Aspartame may ... ...adies from Alzheimer’s to cancers to Parkinson’s. However follow-up studies and review of previous medical studies concluded that the majority of serious illnesses for which the artificial sweeteners were blamed were unfounded. The few concerns that were confirmed depended upon ingestion of massive amounts of the product. The other concerns, like restless leg syndrome and hypoglycemia, are minor associations. Olestra, a fat substitute, can be considered generally safe but with unpleasant side effects when food containing the product is consumed in moderately larger portions than average. All in all, for the general population, artificial sweeteners and fat substitutes are safe. A caveat can be made on an individual basis if a person finds that whenever he ingests these products he experiences unwanted symptoms, then the products should obviously be avoided. Artificial Sweetener Aspartame is Generally Safe Essay -- essays resea Artificial sweeteners are a food additive that attempts to duplicate the taste of sugar while using less food energy. Artificial sweeteners can be used for weight loss because they have 4 calories per gram and are 180 to 200 times sweeter than regular sugar so less is used. Some examples of artificial sweeteners include Saccharin, Sucralose, and Aspartame. There is ongoing controversy whether artificial sweeteners are health risks because some studies show that they cause diseases in laboratory rats. The following disscusion will deal with one such artfical sweetener: Asparatame. Aspartame, under the trade name of NutraSweet, is a white, odorless, crystalline powder, which is synthesized from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. They are two naturally occurring and essential amino acids. Aspartame was first discovered in 1969 by a researcher, Mr. James Schlatter, at G.D. Searle & Company. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Aspartame in 1981 for use in tabletop sweeteners and various foods and dry beverage mixes. In 1983, Aspartame was approved for use in carbonated beverages and since then, has been approved for use in any foods and drinks. Aspartame has many benefits. It has a very similar taste to sugar but, unlike sugar, it does not promote tooth decay. Aspartame does not contain many calories so it can help people manage their weight. As well, Aspartame doesn’t require insulin to metabolize therefore it is useful for patients with diabetes. They can have the benefit of a sweet taste, without elevating their blood sugar. But, as the saying goes: with the sweetness of honey, may come the sting of a bee. The safety of Aspartame has come into question. The reason why some believe that Aspartame may ... ...adies from Alzheimer’s to cancers to Parkinson’s. However follow-up studies and review of previous medical studies concluded that the majority of serious illnesses for which the artificial sweeteners were blamed were unfounded. The few concerns that were confirmed depended upon ingestion of massive amounts of the product. The other concerns, like restless leg syndrome and hypoglycemia, are minor associations. Olestra, a fat substitute, can be considered generally safe but with unpleasant side effects when food containing the product is consumed in moderately larger portions than average. All in all, for the general population, artificial sweeteners and fat substitutes are safe. A caveat can be made on an individual basis if a person finds that whenever he ingests these products he experiences unwanted symptoms, then the products should obviously be avoided.

The Future of Mankind Essay -- Philosophy God Philosophical Essays

The Future of Mankind If we compare the present with the past, if we trace events at all epochs to their causes, if we examine the elements of human growth, we find that Nature has raised us to what we are, not by fixed laws, but by provisional expedients, and that the principle which in one age effected the advancement of a nation, in the next age retarded the mental movement, or even destroyed it altogether. War, despotism, slavery, and superstition are now injurious to the progress of Europe, but they were once the agents by which progress was produced. By means of war the animated life was slowly raised upward in the scale, and quadrupeds passed into man. By means of war the human intelligence was brightened, and the affections were made intense; weapons and tools were invented; foreign wives were captured, and the marriages of blood relations were forbidden; prisoners were tamed, and the women set free; prisoners were exchanged, accompanied with presents; thus commerce was established, and thus, by means of war, men were first brought into amicable relations with one another. By war the tribes were dispersed all over the world, and adopted various pursuits according to the conditions by which they were surrounded. By war the tribes were compressed into the nation. It was war which founded the Chinese Empire. It was war which had locked Babylonia, and Egypt, and India. It was war which developed the genius of Greece. It was war which planted the Greek language in Asia, and so rendered possible the spread of Christianity. It was war which united the world in peace from the Cheviot Hills to the Danube and the Euphrates. It was war which saved Europe from the quietude of China. It was war which made Mecca the centre of the East. It was war which united the barons in the Crusades, and which destroyed the feudal system. Even in recent times the action of war has been useful in condensing scattered elements of nationality, and in liberating subject populations. United Italy was formed directly or indirectly by the war of 1859, 1866, and 187O. The last war realised the dreams of German poets, and united the Teutonic nations more closely than the shrewdest statesmen could have conceived to be possible a few years ago. That same war, so calamitous for France, will yet regenerate that great country, and make her more prosperous than she has ever been. Th... ...n will look upon this star as their fatherland; its progress will be their ambition; the gratitude of others their reward. These bodies which now we: wear belong to the lower animals; our minds have already outgrown them; already we look upon them with contempt. A time will come when Science will transform them by means which we cannot conjecture, and which, even if explained to us, we could not now under stand, just as the savage cannot understand electricity, magnetism, steam. Disease will be extirpated; the causes of decay will be removed; immortality will be invented. And then, the earth being small, mankind will migrate into space, and will cross the airless Saharas which separate planet from planet, and sun from sun. The earth will become a Holy Land which will be visited by pilgrims from all the quarters of the universe. Finally, men will master the forces of Nature; they will become themselves architects of systems, manufacturers of worlds. Man then will be perfect; he will then be a creator; he will therefore be what the vulgar worship as a god. But even then, he will in reality be no nearer than he is at present to the First Cause, the Inscrutable Mystery, the GOD.